mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Nacrith: Neural Lossless Compression via Ensemble Context Modeling and High-Precision CDF Coding

arXiv 2602.19626 ↗First posted 23 Feb 2026cs.IT cs.CL math.ITcited by 4

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Abstract (arXiv)

We present Nacrith, a lossless compression system that combines a 135M-parameter transformer language model (SmolLM2-135M) with an ensemble of lightweight online predictors and a 32-bit arithmetic coder, achieving the best compression results among the systems evaluated in this study on natural language text. Beyond the base LLM-plus-arithmetic-coding paradigm, Nacrith introduces several contributions: (1) a CDF precision upgrade from 2^16 to 2^24 that eliminates ~75% of quantization overhead caused by minimum-probability floors in large vocabularies; (2) a token-level N-gram model for fast local predictions; (3) an adaptive log-space bias head correcting per-document LLM errors via online gradient descent; (4) confidence-based LLM skip for accelerating highly predictable tokens; (5) a hybrid binary format (NC06) extending neural compression to arbitrary binary files--to our knowledge a first among LLM-based compressors; (6) a llama cpp inference backend achieving ~7x faster single-token decode than PyTorch; (7) parallel multi-GPU compression across up to 8 workers; and (8) native KV cache sliding window reducing per-slide cost by ~37x. The system requires only ~500 MB of GGUF weights and ~1.2 GB VRAM per worker, running on consumer GPUs. On alice29 (Canterbury Corpus, 152 KB), Nacrith achieves 0.918 bits per byte (bpb)--outperforming gzip by 3.1x, bzip2 by 2.5x, CMIX v21 by 44%, and ts_zip by 20%, while compressing below the 0th-, 1st-, and 2nd-order byte-level Shannon entropy bounds. On enwik8 (100 MB), Nacrith achieves 0.9389 bpb (11.74%), surpassing ts_zip (~1.11 bpb) by 15% and FineZip (1.024 bpb) by 8% despite using a 60x smaller model with no fine-tuning. An out-of-distribution (OOD) evaluation on a document published after the model's training cutoff confirms these gains are not memorization artifacts, achieving 0.723 bpb on unseen text.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 26 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Feb 2026.

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5 of 26 references.

References · 5

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2023Language Modeling Is Compressioncited by 225
  3. 2023LLMZip: Lossless Text Compression using Large Language Modelscited by 44
  4. 2024FineZip : Pushing the Limits of Large Language Models for Practical Lossless Text Compressioncited by 18
  5. 2025Llamazip: Leveraging LLaMA for Lossless Text Compression and Training Dataset Detectioncited by 1

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.

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  1. 2025Lossless Compression of Large Language Model-Generated Text via Next-Token Prediction
  2. 2026Diffuse to Compress: Leveraging Diffusion LMs for Lossless Compression
  3. 2023Compressing LLMs: The Truth is Rarely Pure and Never Simple
  4. 2025Compression is Routing: Reconstruction Error as an Intrinsic Signal for Modular Language Models
  5. 2026End-to-End Context Compression at Scale
  6. 2026A JoLT for the KV cache: Near-Lossless KV Cache Compression via Joint Rank-bit Allocation
  7. 2023Just CHOP: Embarrassingly Simple LLM Compression
  8. 2023Context Compression for Auto-regressive Transformers with Sentinel Tokens