mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Understanding Risk and Dependency in AI Chatbot Use from User Discourse

arXiv 2602.09339 ↗First posted 10 Feb 2026cs.CLcited by 2

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Abstract (arXiv)

Generative AI systems are increasingly embedded in everyday life, yet empirical understanding of how psychological risk associated with AI use emerges, is experienced, and is regulated by users remains limited. We present a large-scale computational thematic analysis of posts collected between 2023 and 2025 from two Reddit communities, r/AIDangers and r/ChatbotAddiction, explicitly focused on AI-related harm and distress. Using a multi-agent, LLM-assisted thematic analysis grounded in Braun and Clarke's reflexive framework, we identify 14 recurring thematic categories and synthesize them into five higher-order experiential dimensions. To further characterize affective patterns, we apply emotion labeling using a BERT-based classifier and visualize emotional profiles across dimensions. Our findings reveal five empirically derived experiential dimensions of AI-related psychological risk grounded in real-world user discourse, with self-regulation difficulties emerging as the most prevalent and fear concentrated in concerns related to autonomy, control, and technical risk. These results provide early empirical evidence from lived user experience of how AI safety is perceived and emotionally experienced outside laboratory or speculative contexts, offering a foundation for future AI safety research, evaluation, and responsible governance.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 20 of its 60 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Feb 2026.

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20 of 60 references.

References · 20

  1. 2025Expressing stigma and inappropriate responses prevents LLMs from safely replacing mental health providerscited by 67
  2. 2024The Dark Side of AI Companionship: A Taxonomy of Harmful Algorithmic Behaviors in Human-AI Relationshipscited by 61
  3. 2024Risks from Language Models for Automated Mental Healthcare: Ethics and Structure for Implementationcited by 27
  4. 2025How AI and Human Behaviors Shape Psychosocial Effects of Extended Chatbot Use: A Longitudinal Randomized Controlled Studycited by 21
  5. 2025EmoAgent: Assessing and Safeguarding Human-AI Interaction for Mental Health Safetycited by 21
  6. 2025"My Boyfriend is AI": A Computational Analysis of Human-AI Companionship in Reddit's AI Communitycited by 19
  7. 2023A Benchmark for Understanding Dialogue Safety in Mental Health Supportcited by 13
  8. 2026A clinically validated framework for auditing AI chatbot behavior in mental health interactionscited by 9
  9. 2024Sociotechnical Implications of Generative Artificial Intelligence for Information Accesscited by 6
  10. 2024AI Rules? Characterizing Reddit Community Policies Towards AI-Generated Contentcited by 5
  11. 2025A Risk Ontology for Evaluating AI-Powered Psychotherapy Virtual Agentscited by 5
  12. 2023Excitements and Concerns in the Post-ChatGPT Era: Deciphering Public Perception of AI through Social Media Analysiscited by 4
8 more
  1. 2025Domain-Specific Constitutional AI: Enhancing Safety in LLM-Powered Mental Health Chatbotscited by 4
  2. 2026Beyond Simulations: What 20,000 Real Conversations Reveal About Mental Health AI Safetycited by 4
  3. 2016Academic Torrents: Scalable Data Distributioncited by 3
  4. 2024AI incidents and 'networked trouble': The case for a research agendacited by 2
  5. 2025AI, Digital Platforms, and the New Systemic Riskcited by 2
  6. 2025"Even GPT Can Reject Me": Conceptualizing Abrupt Refusal Secondary Harm (ARSH) and Reimagining Psychological AI Safety with Compassionate Completion Standard (CCS)cited by 2
  7. 2025Beyond No: Quantifying AI Over-Refusal and Emotional Attachment Boundariescited by 1
  8. 2025Do You Feel Comfortable? Detecting Hidden Conversational Escalation in AI Chatbotscited by 1

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