Unheard in the Digital Age: Rethinking AI Bias and Speech Diversity
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Abstract (arXiv)
Speech remains one of the most visible yet overlooked vectors of inclusion and exclusion in contemporary society. While fluency is often equated with credibility and competence, individuals with atypical speech patterns are routinely marginalized. Given the current state of the debate, this article focuses on the structural biases that shape perceptions of atypical speech and are now being encoded into artificial intelligence. Automated speech recognition (ASR) systems and voice interfaces, trained predominantly on standardized speech, routinely fail to recognize or respond to diverse voices, compounding digital exclusion. As AI technologies increasingly mediate access to opportunity, the study calls for inclusive technological design, anti-bias training to minimize the impact of discriminatory algorithmic decisions, and enforceable policy reform that explicitly recognize speech diversity as a matter of equity, not merely accessibility. Drawing on interdisciplinary research, the article advocates for a cultural and institutional shift in how we value voice, urging co-created solutions that elevate the rights, representation, and realities of atypical speakers in the digital age. Ultimately, the article reframes speech inclusion as a matter of equity (not accommodation) and advocates for co-created AI systems that reflect the full spectrum of human voices.
Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 31 of its 127 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jan 2026.
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31 of 127 references.
References · 31
- 2021Quantifying Bias in Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 50
- 2019Personalizing ASR for Dysarthric and Accented Speech with Limited Datacited by 45
- 2020Algorithmic Fairness in Educationcited by 44
- 2018Selection Problems in the Presence of Implicit Biascited by 29
- 2021A Sociotechnical View of Algorithmic Fairnesscited by 24
- 2022Hey ASR System! Why Aren't You More Inclusive? Automatic Speech Recognition Systems' Bias and Proposed Bias Mitigation Techniques. A Literature Reviewcited by 19
- 2023From User Perceptions to Technical Improvement: Enabling People Who Stutter to Better Use Speech Recognitioncited by 18
- 2024Enhancing Pre-trained ASR System Fine-tuning for Dysarthric Speech Recognition using Adversarial Data Augmentationcited by 17
- 2024Lost in Transcription: Identifying and Quantifying the Accuracy Biases of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems Against Disfluent Speechcited by 15
- 2024FairAIED: Navigating Fairness, Bias, and Ethics in Educational AI Applicationscited by 15
- 2024Measuring the Accuracy of Automatic Speech Recognition Solutionscited by 15
- 2021What Do We Mean by "Accessibility Research"? A Literature Survey of Accessibility Papers in CHI and ASSETS from 1994 to 2019cited by 14
19 more
- 2021Analysis and Tuning of a Voice Assistant System for Dysfluent Speechcited by 12
- 2023A Mixed-Methods Approach to Understanding User Trust after Voice Assistant Failurescited by 11
- 2022Tackling Algorithmic Disability Discrimination in the Hiring Process: An Ethical, Legal and Technical Analysiscited by 9
- 2023Pre-trained Speech Processing Models Contain Human-Like Biases that Propagate to Speech Emotion Recognitioncited by 9
- 2025"It's not a representation of me": Examining Accent Bias and Digital Exclusion in Synthetic AI Voice Servicescited by 9
- 2020See what I'm saying? Comparing Intelligent Personal Assistant use for Native and Non-Native Language Speakerscited by 7
- 2022Language technology practitioners as language managers: arbitrating data bias and predictive bias in ASRcited by 7
- 2019Deaf, Hard of Hearing, and Hearing Perspectives on using Automatic Speech Recognition in Conversationcited by 6
- 2025Automatic Speech Recognition Biases in Newcastle English: an Error Analysiscited by 6
- 2023Can Voice Assistants Be Microaggressors? Cross-Race Psychological Responses to Failures of Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 5
- 2024Inclusive ASR for Disfluent Speech: Cascaded Large-Scale Self-Supervised Learning with Targeted Fine-Tuning and Data Augmentationcited by 5
- 2025Fairness of Automatic Speech Recognition: Looking Through a Philosophical Lenscited by 5
- 2020Different Types of Voice User Interface Failures May Cause Different Degrees of Frustrationcited by 4
- 2022Global Performance Disparities Between English-Language Accents in Automatic Speech Recognitioncited by 4
- 2025Fine-Tuning ASR for Stuttered Speech: Personalized vs. Generalized Approachescited by 4
- 2025Will AI shape the way we speak? The emerging sociolinguistic influence of synthetic voicescited by 3
- 2022Pardon? An Overview of the Current State and Requirements of Voice User Interfaces for Blind and Visually Impaired Userscited by 2
- 2025Inclusivity of AI Speech in Healthcare: A Decade Look Backcited by 2
- 2024"I Am Human, Just Like You": What Intersectional, Neurodivergent Lived Experiences Bring to Accessibility Researchcited by 1
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