iFSQ: Improving FSQ for Image Generation with 1 Line of Code
On the map: Diffusion models → Diffusion foundations and sampling
Abstract (arXiv)
The field of image generation is currently bifurcated into autoregressive (AR) models operating on discrete tokens and diffusion models utilizing continuous latents. This divide, rooted in the distinction between VQ-VAEs and VAEs, hinders unified modeling and fair benchmarking. Finite Scalar Quantization (FSQ) offers a theoretical bridge, yet vanilla FSQ suffers from a critical flaw: its equal-interval quantization can cause activation collapse. This mismatch forces a trade-off between reconstruction fidelity and information efficiency. In this work, we resolve this dilemma by simply replacing the activation function in original FSQ with a distribution-matching mapping to enforce a uniform prior. Termed iFSQ, this simple strategy requires just one line of code yet mathematically guarantees both optimal bin utilization and reconstruction precision. Leveraging iFSQ as a controlled benchmark, we uncover two key insights: (1) The optimal equilibrium between discrete and continuous representations lies at approximately 4 bits per dimension. (2) Under identical reconstruction constraints, AR models exhibit rapid initial convergence, whereas diffusion models achieve a superior performance ceiling, suggesting that strict sequential ordering may limit the upper bounds of generation quality. Finally, we extend our analysis by adapting Representation Alignment (REPA) to AR models, yielding LlamaGen-REPA. Codes is available at https://github.com/Tencent-Hunyuan/iFSQ
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion foundations and sampling, one of 14 directions in Diffusion models. Builds on 36 of its 48 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 23 Jan 2026.
Builds on
36 of 48 references.
Closest ancestors · 5
Same direction, newest first
- 2025Masked Autoencoders Are Effective Tokenizers for Diffusion Models5 Feb
- 2025Reconstruction vs. Generation: Taming Optimization Dilemma in Latent Diffusion Models2 Jan
- 2024WF-VAE: Enhancing Video VAE by Wavelet-Driven Energy Flow for Latent Video Diffusion Model26 Nov
- 2024Representation Alignment for Generation: Training Diffusion Transformers Is Easier Than You Think9 Oct
- 2022Scalable Diffusion Models with Transformers19 Dec
Other references · 31
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 36,960
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2014Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Contextcited by 17,498
- 2018The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metriccited by 11,029
- 2023DINOv2: Learning Robust Visual Features without Supervisioncited by 7,764
- 2021Emerging Properties in Self-Supervised Vision Transformerscited by 6,893
- 2022Generative Adversarial Networkscited by 5,603
- 2017Neural Discrete Representation Learningcited by 4,650
- 2022GPTQ: Accurate Post-Training Quantization for Generative Pre-trained Transformerscited by 1,838
- 2025DINOv3cited by 1,297
- 2023AWQ: Activation-aware Weight Quantization for LLM Compression and Accelerationcited by 1,234
- 2025Cosmos World Foundation Model Platform for Physical AIcited by 833
19 more
- 2024Autoregressive Model Beats Diffusion: Llama for Scalable Image Generationcited by 760
- 2023Language Model Beats Diffusion -- Tokenizer is Key to Visual Generationcited by 633
- 2017Deep Neural Networks as Gaussian Processescited by 617
- 2020Jukebox: A Generative Model for Musiccited by 535
- 2023Scaling up GANs for Text-to-Image Synthesiscited by 492
- 2023Finite Scalar Quantization: VQ-VAE Made Simplecited by 425
- 2023LLM-QAT: Data-Free Quantization Aware Training for Large Language Modelscited by 320
- 2024CosyVoice 2: Scalable Streaming Speech Synthesis with Large Language Modelscited by 282
- 2025Uniworld-V2: Reinforce Image Editing with Diffusion Negative-aware Finetuning and MLLM Implicit Feedbackcited by 78
- 2024Scaling Transformers for Low-Bitrate High-Quality Speech Codingcited by 48
- 2025Vision as a Dialect: Unifying Visual Understanding and Generation via Text-Aligned Representationscited by 44
- 2025VideoWorld: Exploring Knowledge Learning from Unlabeled Videoscited by 42
- 2024VidTok: A Versatile and Open-Source Video Tokenizercited by 35
- 2025AToken: A Unified Tokenizer for Visioncited by 30
- 2025MANZANO: A Simple and Scalable Unified Multimodal Model with a Hybrid Vision Tokenizercited by 15
- 2025LangBridge: Interpreting Image as a Combination of Language Embeddingscited by 9
- 2025Does Understanding Inform Generation in Unified Multimodal Models? From Analysis to Path Forwardcited by 9
- 2025CoDiCodec: Unifying Continuous and Discrete Compressed Representations of Audiocited by 7
- 2025MambaVideo for Discrete Video Tokenization with Channel-Split Quantizationcited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026Heracles: Bridging Precise Tracking and Generative Synthesis for General Humanoid Controlcited by 5
- 2026GEAR: Guided End-to-End AutoRegression for Image Synthesiscited by 1
- 2026Beyond Token-Level Cross-Entropy: Fr'echet Distributional Post-Training for Autoregressive Image Generationcited by 0
- 2026DashVMC: Real-Time Discrete World Model Control in Geometry Dashcited by 0
- 2026DashVMC: Real-Time Discrete World Model Control in Geometry Dash30 Sep 2026
- 2026Beyond Token-Level Cross-Entropy: Fr'echet Distributional Post-Training for Autoregressive Image Generation1 Aug 2026
- 2026GEAR: Guided End-to-End AutoRegression for Image Synthesis30 Jun 2026
- 2026Heracles: Bridging Precise Tracking and Generative Synthesis for General Humanoid Control29 Mar 2026
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