mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

InFi-Check: Interpretable and Fine-Grained Fact-Checking of LLMs

arXiv 2601.06666 ↗First posted 10 Jan 2026cs.CL cs.AIcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, yet most existing fact-checking methods treat factuality evaluation as a binary classification problem, offering limited interpretability and failing to capture fine-grained error types. In this paper, we introduce InFi-Check, a framework for interpretable and fine-grained fact-checking of LLM outputs. Specifically, we first propose a controlled data synthesis pipeline that generates high-quality data featuring explicit evidence, fine-grained error type labels, justifications, and corrections. Based on this, we further construct large-scale training data and a manually verified benchmark InFi-Check-FG for fine-grained fact-checking of LLM outputs. Building on these high-quality training data, we further propose InFi-Checker, which can jointly provide supporting evidence, classify fine-grained error types, and produce justifications along with corrections. Experiments show that InFi-Checker achieves state-of-the-art performance on InFi-Check-FG and strong generalization across various downstream tasks, significantly improving the utility and trustworthiness of factuality evaluation.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 32 of its 46 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Jan 2026.

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32 of 46 references.

References · 32

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
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  3. 2023Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflectioncited by 1,839
  4. 2023Improving Factuality and Reasoning in Language Models through Multiagent Debatecited by 1,784
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  6. 2021Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokenscited by 1,293
  7. 2023FActScore: Fine-grained Atomic Evaluation of Factual Precision in Long Form Text Generationcited by 1,282
  8. 2020SummEval: Re-evaluating Summarization Evaluationcited by 674
  9. 2023An Empirical Study of Catastrophic Forgetting in Large Language Models During Continual Fine-tuningcited by 639
  10. 2019Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Abstractive Text Summarizationcited by 584
  11. 2020Asking and Answering Questions to Evaluate the Factual Consistency of Summariescited by 378
  12. 2023Evaluating Verifiability in Generative Search Enginescited by 303
20 more
  1. 2020FEQA: A Question Answering Evaluation Framework for Faithfulness Assessment in Abstractive Summarizationcited by 293
  2. 2023AlignScore: Evaluating Factual Consistency with a Unified Alignment Functioncited by 288
  3. 2021Understanding Factuality in Abstractive Summarization with FRANK: A Benchmark for Factuality Metricscited by 287
  4. 2024MiniCheck: Efficient Fact-Checking of LLMs on Grounding Documentscited by 257
  5. 2021QAFactEval: Improved QA-Based Factual Consistency Evaluation for Summarizationcited by 236
  6. 2023Fine-tuning Language Models for Factualitycited by 221
  7. 2022Factuality Enhanced Language Models for Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 202
  8. 2021Annotating and Modeling Fine-grained Factuality in Summarizationcited by 131
  9. 2023We're Afraid Language Models Aren't Modeling Ambiguitycited by 126
  10. 2021CLIFF: Contrastive Learning for Improving Faithfulness and Factuality in Abstractive Summarizationcited by 120
  11. 2023Factcheck-Bench: Fine-Grained Evaluation Benchmark for Automatic Fact-checkerscited by 87
  12. 2024TofuEval: Evaluating Hallucinations of LLMs on Topic-Focused Dialogue Summarizationcited by 66
  13. 2024A Chain-of-Thought Is as Strong as Its Weakest Link: A Benchmark for Verifiers of Reasoning Chainscited by 65
  14. 2022FactGraph: Evaluating Factuality in Summarization with Semantic Graph Representationscited by 41
  15. 2019How Decoding Strategies Affect the Verifiability of Generated Textcited by 27
  16. 2024Fine-Grained Natural Language Inference Based Faithfulness Evaluation for Diverse Summarisation Taskscited by 23
  17. 2025FactCG: Enhancing Fact Checkers with Graph-Based Multi-Hop Datacited by 14
  18. 2025Verifying the Verifiers: Unveiling Pitfalls and Potentials in Fact Verifierscited by 13
  19. 2025Aligning Large Language Models to Follow Instructions and Hallucinate Less via Effective Data Filteringcited by 12
  20. 2019Weakly Supervised Domain Detectioncited by 4

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  1. 2023LLMs as Factual Reasoners: Insights from Existing Benchmarks and Beyond
  2. 2026Towards Comprehensive Stage-wise Benchmarking of Large Language Models in Fact-Checking
  3. 2023Are Large Language Models Good Fact Checkers: A Preliminary Study
  4. 2026Teaching Language Models to Check Grounded Claim Factuality with Human Test-Taking Strategies
  5. 2025RealFactBench: A Benchmark for Evaluating Large Language Models in Real-World Fact-Checking
  6. 2025CANDY: Benchmarking LLMs' Limitations and Assistive Potential in Chinese Misinformation Fact-Checking
  7. 2024Learning to Verify Summary Facts with Fine-Grained LLM Feedback
  8. 2026Evaluating and Improving Evidence-Grounded Fact-Checking in LLMs via Multi-Round Evidence Ablation