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The Meta-Prompting Protocol: Orchestrating LLMs via Adversarial Feedback Loops

arXiv 2512.15053 ↗First posted 17 Dec 2025cs.CL cs.AI cs.LGcited by 0

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Abstract (arXiv)

The transition of Large Language Models (LLMs) from stochastic chat interfaces to reliable software components necessitates a fundamental re-engineering of interaction paradigms. Current methodologies, predominantly heuristic-based "prompt engineering," fail to provide the deterministic guarantees required for mission-critical applications. We introduce the Meta-Prompting Protocol, a rigorous theoretical framework that formalizes the orchestration of LLMs as a programmable, self-optimizing system. Central to this protocol is the Adversarial Trinity, a tripartite topology comprising a Generator (P), an Auditor (A), and an Optimizer (O). By treating natural language instructions as differentiable variables within a semantic computation graph and utilizing textual critiques as gradients, this architecture mitigates hallucination and prevents model collapse. We demonstrate the theoretical viability of this approach using declarative programming paradigms (DSPy) and automatic textual differentiation (TextGrad), establishing a foundation for "Observable Software Engineering" in the era of probabilistic computing.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 15 of its 21 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Dec 2025.

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References · 15

  1. 2023Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learningcited by 4,276
  2. 2023Self-Refine: Iterative Refinement with Self-Feedbackcited by 3,442
  3. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,576
  4. 2023G-Eval: NLG Evaluation using GPT-4 with Better Human Alignmentcited by 2,276
  5. 2023The Rise and Potential of Large Language Model Based Agents: A Surveycited by 1,439
  6. 2023DSPy: Compiling Declarative Language Model Calls into Self-Improving Pipelinescited by 832
  7. 2023Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Searchcited by 653
  8. 2021Prompt Programming for Large Language Models: Beyond the Few-Shot Paradigmcited by 606
  9. 2023Ragas: Automated Evaluation of Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 418
  10. 2023The Curse of Recursion: Training on Generated Data Makes Models Forgetcited by 356
  11. 2024TextGrad: Automatic "Differentiation" via Textcited by 273
  12. 2024Meta-Prompting: Enhancing Language Models with Task-Agnostic Scaffoldingcited by 117
3 more
  1. 2025The Cost of Dynamic Reasoning: Demystifying AI Agents and Test-Time Scaling from an AI Infrastructure Perspectivecited by 39
  2. 2025Optimizing Model Selection for Compound AI Systemscited by 36
  3. 2025TextualVerifier: Verify TextGrad Step-by-Stepcited by 2

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  1. 2025Chain-of-Code Collapse: Reasoning Failures in LLMs via Adversarial Prompting in Code Generation
  2. 2025Tournament of Prompts: Evolving LLM Instructions Through Structured Debates and Elo Ratings
  3. 2024Minstrel: Structural Prompt Generation with Multi-Agents Coordination for Non-AI Experts
  4. 2026Evaluating Prompting and Execution-Based Methods for Deterministic Computation in LLMs
  5. 2024RePrompt: Planning by Automatic Prompt Engineering for Large Language Models Agents
  6. 2025PromptCoT 2.0: Scaling Prompt Synthesis for Large Language Model Reasoning
  7. 2024GoEX: Perspectives and Designs Towards a Runtime for Autonomous LLM Applications
  8. 2025PromptTailor: Multi-turn Intent-Aligned Prompt Synthesis for Lightweight LLMs