mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Spiking Manifesto

arXiv 2512.11843 ↗First posted 3 Dec 2025cs.NE cs.AI cs.ARcited by 4

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

Practically everything computers do is better, faster, and more power-efficient than the brain. For example, a calculator performs numerical computations more energy-efficiently than any human. Yet modern AI models are a thousand times less efficient than the brain. These models rely on larger and larger artificial neural networks (ANNs) to boost their encoding capacity, requiring GPUs to perform large-scale matrix multiplications. In contrast, the brain's spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit factorially explosive encoding capacity and compute through the polychronization of spikes rather than explicit matrix-vector products, resulting in lower energy requirements. This manifesto proposes a paradigm for framing popular AI models in terms of spiking networks and polychronization, and for interpreting spiking activity as nature's way of implementing look-up tables. This suggests a path toward converting AI models into a novel class of architectures with much smaller size yet combinatorially large encoding capacity, offering the promise of a thousandfold improvement in performance. Code is available at https://github.com/izhikevich/SNN

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Dec 2025.

Builds on

19 of 49 references.

References · 19

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2015Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognitioncited by 52,096
  3. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  4. 2014Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translationcited by 4,057
  5. 2017Outrageously Large Neural Networks: The Sparsely-Gated Mixture-of-Experts Layercited by 3,509
  6. 2020Reformer: The Efficient Transformercited by 1,668
  7. 2018Self-Attention with Relative Position Representationscited by 1,120
  8. 2019Surrogate Gradient Learning in Spiking Neural Networkscited by 626
  9. 2021Training Spiking Neural Networks Using Lessons From Deep Learningcited by 259
  10. 2020The Hardware Lotterycited by 160
  11. 2022A Review of Sparse Expert Models in Deep Learningcited by 148
  12. 2016Hierarchical Multiscale Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 104
7 more
  1. 2017On the State of the Art of Evaluation in Neural Language Modelscited by 104
  2. 2017Deep Forestcited by 46
  3. 2016Recurrent Batch Normalizationcited by 36
  4. 2024SpikeLLM: Scaling up Spiking Neural Network to Large Language Models via Saliency-based Spikingcited by 31
  5. 2016Multiplicative LSTM for sequence modellingcited by 27
  6. 2023SpikeBERT: A Language Spikformer Learned from BERT with Knowledge Distillationcited by 17
  7. 2016On Multiplicative Integration with Recurrent Neural Networkscited by 15

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.

4 papers.