Spiking Manifesto
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Practically everything computers do is better, faster, and more power-efficient than the brain. For example, a calculator performs numerical computations more energy-efficiently than any human. Yet modern AI models are a thousand times less efficient than the brain. These models rely on larger and larger artificial neural networks (ANNs) to boost their encoding capacity, requiring GPUs to perform large-scale matrix multiplications. In contrast, the brain's spiking neural networks (SNNs) exhibit factorially explosive encoding capacity and compute through the polychronization of spikes rather than explicit matrix-vector products, resulting in lower energy requirements. This manifesto proposes a paradigm for framing popular AI models in terms of spiking networks and polychronization, and for interpreting spiking activity as nature's way of implementing look-up tables. This suggests a path toward converting AI models into a novel class of architectures with much smaller size yet combinatorially large encoding capacity, offering the promise of a thousandfold improvement in performance. Code is available at https://github.com/izhikevich/SNN
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 49 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Dec 2025.
Builds on
19 of 49 references.
References · 19
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7 more
- 2017On the State of the Art of Evaluation in Neural Language Modelscited by 104
- 2017Deep Forestcited by 46
- 2016Recurrent Batch Normalizationcited by 36
- 2024SpikeLLM: Scaling up Spiking Neural Network to Large Language Models via Saliency-based Spikingcited by 31
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026Modern Neuromorphic AI: From Intra-Token to Inter-Token Processingcited by 2
- 2026Polychronous Wave Computing: Timing-Native Address Selection in Spiking Networkscited by 0
- 2026DendroNN: Dendrocentric Neural Networks for Energy-Efficient Classification of Event-Based Datacited by 0
- 2026ADPTNet: Adaptive with Prescriptive Timescales Non-Linear SSM for Sequence Modellingcited by 0
- 2026ADPTNet: Adaptive with Prescriptive Timescales Non-Linear SSM for Sequence Modelling27 Sep 2026
- 2026DendroNN: Dendrocentric Neural Networks for Energy-Efficient Classification of Event-Based Data10 Mar 2026
- 2026Polychronous Wave Computing: Timing-Native Address Selection in Spiking Networks19 Jan 2026
- 2026Modern Neuromorphic AI: From Intra-Token to Inter-Token Processing1 Jan 2026