mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Convergence of Outputs When Two Large Language Models Interact in a Multi-Agentic Setup

arXiv 2512.06256 ↗First posted 6 Dec 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 0

On the map: LLM agents and tool use → General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks

Abstract (arXiv)

In this work, we report what happens when two large language models respond to each other for many turns without any outside input in a multi-agent setup. The setup begins with a short seed sentence. After that, each model reads the other's output and generates a response. This continues for a fixed number of steps. We used Mistral Nemo Base 2407 and Llama 2 13B hf. We observed that most conversations start coherently but later fall into repetition. In many runs, a short phrase appears and repeats across turns. Once repetition begins, both models tend to produce similar output rather than introducing a new direction in the conversation. This leads to a loop where the same or similar text is produced repeatedly. We describe this behavior as a form of convergence. It occurs even though the models are large, trained separately, and not given any prompt instructions. To study this behavior, we apply lexical and embedding-based metrics to measure how far the conversation drifts from the initial seed and how similar the outputs of the two models becomes as the conversation progresses.

Key facts. No citing papers in the map yet (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in General LLM agent frameworks and benchmarks, one of 16 directions in LLM agents and tool use. Builds on 15 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Dec 2025.

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15 of 25 references.

Closest ancestors · 9

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Reinforce LLM Reasoning through Multi-Agent Reflection10 Jun
  2. 2025Evaluating LLM-based Agents for Multi-Turn Conversations: A Survey28 Mar
  3. 2024Exploring and Controlling Diversity in LLM-Agent Conversation30 Dec
  4. 2024Multi-Agent Large Language Models for Conversational Task-Solving30 Oct
  5. 2024Cohesive Conversations: Enhancing Authenticity in Multi-Agent Simulated Dialogues13 Jul
  6. 2024Adaptive In-conversation Team Building for Language Model Agents29 May
  7. 2024LLM Multi-Agent Systems: Challenges and Open Problems5 Feb
  8. 2024Large Language Model based Multi-Agents: A Survey of Progress and Challenges21 Jan
  9. 2023ChatEval: Towards Better LLM-based Evaluators through Multi-Agent Debate14 Aug

Other references · 6

  1. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
  2. 2023AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversationcited by 1,988
  3. 2024Evaluating Very Long-Term Conversational Memory of LLM Agentscited by 830
  4. 2023PyTorch FSDP: Experiences on Scaling Fully Sharded Data Parallelcited by 660
  5. 2025Collaborating Action by Action: A Multi-agent LLM Framework for Embodied Reasoningcited by 21
  6. 2025DEBATE: A Large-Scale Benchmark for Evaluating Opinion Dynamics in Role-Playing LLM Agentscited by 6

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  5. 2025ClarifyMT-Bench: Benchmarking and Improving Multi-Turn Clarification for Conversational Large Language Models
  6. 2026Context-Agent: Dynamic Discourse Trees for Non-Linear Dialogue
  7. 2026Attractor States Emerge in Multi-Turn LLM Conversations
  8. 2026Can Small Agents Collaborate to Beat a Single Large Language Model?