mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Finish First, Perfect Later: Test-Time Token-Level Cross-Validation for Diffusion Large Language Models

arXiv 2510.05090 ↗First posted 6 Oct 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 5

On the map: Efficient LLM inference and serving → Diffusion LLM and MoE inference

Abstract (arXiv)

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) have recently emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive (AR) models, offering advantages such as accelerated parallel decoding and bidirectional context modeling. However, the vanilla decoding strategy in discrete dLLMs suffers from a critical limitation: once a token is accepted, it can no longer be revised in subsequent steps. As a result, early mistakes persist across iterations, harming both intermediate predictions and final output quality. To address this issue, we propose Tolerator (Token-Level Cross-Validation Refinement), a training-free decoding strategy that leverages cross-validation among predicted tokens. Unlike existing methods that follow a single progressive unmasking procedure, Tolerator introduces a two-stage process: (i) sequence fill-up and (ii) iterative refinement by remasking and decoding a subset of tokens while treating the remaining as context. This design enables previously accepted tokens to be reconsidered and corrected when necessary, leading to more reliable diffusion decoding outputs. We evaluate Tolerator on five standard benchmarks covering language understanding, code generation, and mathematics. Experiments show that our method achieves consistent improvements over the baselines under the same computational budget. These findings suggest that decoding algorithms are crucial to realizing the full potential of diffusion large language models. Code and data are publicly available.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Diffusion LLM and MoE inference, one of 12 directions in Efficient LLM inference and serving. Builds on 50 of its 54 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 6 Oct 2025.

Builds on

50 of 54 references.

Closest ancestors · 4

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2025Accelerating Diffusion LLMs via Adaptive Parallel Decoding31 May
  2. 2025Fast-dLLM: Training-free Acceleration of Diffusion LLM by Enabling KV Cache and Parallel Decoding28 May
  3. 2025Dimple: Discrete Diffusion Multimodal Large Language Model with Parallel Decoding22 May
  4. 2025dKV-Cache: The Cache for Diffusion Language Models21 May

Other references · 46

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 59,932
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  3. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
  4. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
  5. 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
  6. 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,467
  7. 2025Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilitiescited by 3,655
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  9. 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,895
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  11. 2023A Survey of Large Language Modelscited by 2,537
  12. 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,767
34 more
  1. 2021Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spacescited by 1,665
  2. 2022Diffusion-LM Improves Controllable Text Generationcited by 1,006
  3. 2025Large Language Diffusion Modelscited by 872
  4. 2024Simple and Effective Masked Diffusion Language Modelscited by 800
  5. 2024Simplified and Generalized Masked Diffusion for Discrete Datacited by 606
  6. 2025Dream 7B: Diffusion Large Language Modelscited by 515
  7. 2024Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 506
  8. 2025Block Diffusion: Interpolating Between Autoregressive and Diffusion Language Modelscited by 385
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  20. 2022Self-conditioned Embedding Diffusion for Text Generationcited by 114
  21. 2023AR-Diffusion: Auto-Regressive Diffusion Model for Text Generationcited by 113
  22. 2022Latent Diffusion for Language Generationcited by 110
  23. 2025FlashDLM: Accelerating Diffusion Language Model Inference via Efficient KV Caching and Guided Diffusioncited by 77
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  26. 2023TESS: Text-to-Text Self-Conditioned Simplex Diffusioncited by 63
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  34. 2020Semantics of the Unwritten: The Effect of End of Paragraph and Sequence Tokens on Text Generation with GPT2cited by 4

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 3.

5 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

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  3. 2025Free Draft-and-Verification: Toward Lossless Parallel Decoding for Diffusion Large Language Models
  4. 2026Roll Out and Roll Back: Diffusion LLMs are Their Own Efficiency Teachers
  5. 2025Diffusion Language Models Know the Answer Before Decoding
  6. 2026Residual Context Diffusion Language Models
  7. 2026Rejection Mixing: Fast Semantic Propagation of Mask Tokens for Efficient DLLM Inference
  8. 2026Turning the TIDE: Cross-Architecture Distillation for Diffusion Large Language Models