RSTGCN: Railway-centric Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network for Train Delay Prediction

Accurate prediction of train delays is critical for efficient railway operations. While earlier approaches have largely focused on forecasting the exact delays of individual trains, studies on station-level delay prediction are somewhat sparse. To address this gap, we propose the Railway-centric Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (RSTGCN), designed to forecast average arrival delays of all the incoming trains at a particular station for a particular time period. Our approach incorporates several architectural innovations and novel feature integrations, including train frequency-aware spatial attention, which significantly enhance predictive performance. To support this effort, we curate and release a comprehensive dataset for the entire Indian Railway Network (IRN), spanning 4,735 stations across 17 zones - the largest and most diverse railway network studied to date. We conduct extensive experiments using multiple state-of-the-art baselines, demonstrating consistent improvements across standard metrics. Specifically, RSTGCN outperforms the best baseline by 18% in MAE, 14% in MAPE, and 1-8% in RMSE on the IRN.