ModernVBERT: Towards Smaller Visual Document Retrievers

Retrieving specific information from a large corpus of documents is a prevalent industrial use case of modern AI, notably due to the popularity of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. Although neural document retrieval models have historically operated exclusively in the text space, Visual Document Retrieval (VDR) models - large vision-language decoders repurposed as embedding models which directly work with page screenshots as inputs - are increasingly popular due to the performance and indexing latency gains they offer. In this work, we show that, while cost-efficient, this approach of repurposing generative models bottlenecks retrieval performance. Through controlled experiments, we revisit the entire training pipeline, and establish a principled recipe for improving visual document retrieval models. We notably measure the impact of attention masking, image resolution, modality alignment data regimes, and late interaction centered contrastive objectives which emerge as central performance factors. Building on these insights, we release ModernVBERT, a compact 250M-parameter vision-language encoder that outperforms recent models up to 10 times larger when fine-tuned on document retrieval tasks, enabling efficient inference on cheap CPU hardware and greatly reducing latency and costs while maintaining strong performance. Models, code and data are available at https://huggingface.co/ModernVBERT.