dVLA: Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Model with Multimodal Chain-of-Thought
On the map: LLM reasoning → Spatial and embodied reasoning
also in 1 more
Abstract (arXiv)
Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models are emerging as a next-generation paradigm for robotics. We introduce dVLA, a diffusion-based VLA that leverages a multimodal chain-of-thought to unify visual perception, language reasoning, and robotic control in a single system. dVLA jointly optimizes perception, language understanding, and action under a single diffusion objective, enabling stronger cross-modal reasoning and better generalization to novel instructions and objects. For practical deployment, we mitigate inference latency by incorporating two acceleration strategies, a prefix attention mask and KV caching, yielding up to around times speedup at test-time inference. We evaluate dVLA in both simulation and the real world: on the LIBERO benchmark, it achieves state-of-the-art performance with a 96.4% average success rate, consistently surpassing both discrete and continuous action policies; on a real Franka robot, it succeeds across a diverse task suite, including a challenging bin-picking task that requires multi-step planning, demonstrating robust real-world performance. Together, these results underscore the promise of unified diffusion frameworks for practical, high-performance VLA robotics.
Key facts. Cited by 30 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Spatial and embodied reasoning, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 41 of its 56 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 30 Sep 2025.
Builds on
41 of 56 references.
Closest ancestors · 3
Same direction, newest first
- 2025ChatVLA-2: Vision-Language-Action Model with Open-World Embodied Reasoning from Pretrained Knowledge28 May
- 2025CoT-VLA: Visual Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for Vision-Language-Action Models27 Mar
- 2025Fine-Tuning Vision-Language-Action Models: Optimizing Speed and Success27 Feb
Other references · 38
- 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
- 2022Flow Matching for Generative Modelingcited by 5,426
- 2024Qwen2-VL: Enhancing Vision-Language Model's Perception of the World at Any Resolutioncited by 4,151
- 2021On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Modelscited by 3,961
- 2023RT-2: Vision-Language-Action Models Transfer Web Knowledge to Robotic Controlcited by 2,993
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,777
- 2023Diffusion Policy: Visuomotor Policy Learning via Action Diffusioncited by 2,730
- 2024π0: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Controlcited by 2,297
- 2024Qwen2 Technical Reportcited by 2,076
- 2025π0.5: a Vision-Language-Action Model with Open-World Generalizationcited by 1,653
- 2025GR00T N1: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Humanoid Robotscited by 1,167
- 2024Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technologycited by 889
26 more
- 2025Large Language Diffusion Modelscited by 872
- 2024Show-o: One Single Transformer to Unify Multimodal Understanding and Generationcited by 734
- 2023Discrete Diffusion Modeling by Estimating the Ratios of the Data Distributioncited by 712
- 2025FAST: Efficient Action Tokenization for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 643
- 2023Language Model Beats Diffusion -- Tokenizer is Key to Visual Generationcited by 633
- 2024Transfusion: Predict the Next Token and Diffuse Images with One Multi-Modal Modelcited by 468
- 2025Seed1.5-VL Technical Reportcited by 367
- 2025WorldVLA: Towards Autoregressive Action World Modelcited by 351
- 20243D-VLA: A 3D Vision-Language-Action Generative World Modelcited by 320
- 2025MMaDA: Multimodal Large Diffusion Language Modelscited by 241
- 2025DexVLA: Vision-Language Model with Plug-In Diffusion Expert for General Robot Controlcited by 191
- 2025HybridVLA: Collaborative Diffusion and Autoregression in a Unified Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 176
- 2025dLLM-Cache: Accelerating Diffusion Large Language Models with Adaptive Cachingcited by 168
- 2023Look Before You Leap: Unveiling the Power of GPT-4V in Robotic Vision-Language Planningcited by 161
- 2025Knowledge Insulating Vision-Language-Action Models: Train Fast, Run Fast, Generalize Bettercited by 142
- 2025GraspVLA: a Grasping Foundation Model Pre-trained on Billion-scale Synthetic Action Datacited by 120
- 2025ChatVLA: Unified Multimodal Understanding and Robot Control with Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 112
- 2025Discrete Diffusion VLA: Bringing Discrete Diffusion to Action Decoding in Vision-Language-Action Policiescited by 90
- 2025ForceVLA: Enhancing VLA Models with a Force-aware MoE for Contact-rich Manipulationcited by 87
- 2025LaViDa: A Large Diffusion Language Model for Multimodal Understandingcited by 81
- 2025Gemini Robotics: Bringing AI into the Physical Worldcited by 77
- 2025VLAS: Vision-Language-Action Model With Speech Instructions For Customized Robot Manipulationcited by 48
- 2025Humanoid-VLA: Towards Universal Humanoid Control with Visual Integrationcited by 43
- 2025ControlVLA: Few-shot Object-centric Adaptation for Pre-trained Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 43
- 2024Diffusion Transformer Policycited by 41
- 2025LLaDA-VLA: Vision Language Diffusion Action Modelscited by 30
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 27.
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- 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 34
- 2026Learning Native Continuation for Action Chunking Flow Policiescited by 18
- 2025AsyncVLA: Asynchronous Flow Matching for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 16
- 2025dVLM-AD: Enhance Diffusion Vision-Language-Model for Driving via Controllable Reasoningcited by 14
- 2026On-the-Fly VLA Adaptation via Test-Time Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
- 2026Not All Features Are Created Equal: A Mechanistic Study of Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 14
- 2026dWorldEval: Scalable Robotic Policy Evaluation via Discrete Diffusion World Modelcited by 11
- 2026Fast-dVLA: Accelerating Discrete Diffusion VLA to Real-Time Performancecited by 9
- 2026LLaDA-o: An Effective and Length-Adaptive Omni Diffusion Modelcited by 8
- 2026GuidedVLA: Specifying Task-Relevant Factors via Plug-and-Play Action Attention Specializationcited by 7
- 2026Efficient Video Diffusion Models: Advancements and Challengescited by 6
- 2026DFM-VLA: Iterative Action Refinement for Robot Manipulation via Discrete Flow Matchingcited by 5
18 more
- 2026Fast-dDrive: Efficient Block-Diffusion VLM for Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2026SEAM: Smooth Execution of Action-Chunked Motion for Vision-Language-Action Policiescited by 5
- 2026DiscreteRTC: Discrete Diffusion Policies are Natural Asynchronous Executorscited by 3
- 2026Thinking in Text and Images: Interleaved Vision--Language Reasoning Traces for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulationcited by 2
- 2026Anticipation-VLA: Solving Long-Horizon Embodied Tasks via Anticipation-based Subgoal Generationcited by 2
- 2026RePO-VLA: Recovery-Driven Policy Optimization for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 2
- 2026Continuous Reasoning for Vision-Language-Actioncited by 2
- 2026PolicyTrim: Boosting Intrinsic Policy Efficiency of Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 2
- 2026Think Like a Pilot: Fine-Grained Long-Horizon UAV Navigationcited by 1
- 2026dVLA-RL: Reinforcement Learning over Denoising Trajectories for Discrete Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 1
- 2026PAMAE: Phase-Aware-MoE Action Experts Towards Reliable Flow-Matching Vision-Language-Action Policiescited by 1
- 2026Scaling by Diversified Experience for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 0
- 2026WAM-Diff2: Hierarchical AR-to-Diffusion Distillation for Highly Efficient Autonomous Driving VLAcited by 0
- 2026Explicit Language Memory for Long-Horizon Planning in Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 0
- 2026Diffusion Language Models for Mobile Edge Agentic AI: Foundations, Applications, and Challengescited by 0
- 2026Dynin-Robotics: Omnimodal Unified Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 0
- 2026Planning in the Backbone: DiffAdapterVLA for Native Continuous Trajectory Generation with Driving VLMscited by 0
- 2026KerColle: Unlocking Fine-Grained GPU Concurrency in Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 0
- 2026KerColle: Unlocking Fine-Grained GPU Concurrency in Vision-Language-Action Models16 Sep 2026
- 2026Planning in the Backbone: DiffAdapterVLA for Native Continuous Trajectory Generation with Driving VLMs14 Sep 2026
- 2026Dynin-Robotics: Omnimodal Unified Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Model11 Sep 2026
- 2026Diffusion Language Models for Mobile Edge Agentic AI: Foundations, Applications, and Challenges4 Sep 2026
- 2026Explicit Language Memory for Long-Horizon Planning in Vision-Language-Action Models5 Aug 2026
- 2026WAM-Diff2: Hierarchical AR-to-Diffusion Distillation for Highly Efficient Autonomous Driving VLA2 Aug 2026
- 2026SEAM: Smooth Execution of Action-Chunked Motion for Vision-Language-Action Policies6 Jul 2026
- 2026PAMAE: Phase-Aware-MoE Action Experts Towards Reliable Flow-Matching Vision-Language-Action Policies25 Jun 2026
- 2026dVLA-RL: Reinforcement Learning over Denoising Trajectories for Discrete Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Models22 Jun 2026
- 2026PolicyTrim: Boosting Intrinsic Policy Efficiency of Vision-Language-Action Models21 Jun 2026
- 2026Scaling by Diversified Experience for Vision-Language-Action Models8 Jun 2026
- 2026Think Like a Pilot: Fine-Grained Long-Horizon UAV Navigation5 Jun 2026
18 more
- 2026Continuous Reasoning for Vision-Language-Action29 May 2026
- 2026Fast-dDrive: Efficient Block-Diffusion VLM for Autonomous Driving22 May 2026
- 2026GuidedVLA: Specifying Task-Relevant Factors via Plug-and-Play Action Attention Specialization12 May 2026
- 2026RePO-VLA: Recovery-Driven Policy Optimization for Vision-Language-Action Models10 May 2026
- 2026Anticipation-VLA: Solving Long-Horizon Embodied Tasks via Anticipation-based Subgoal Generation3 May 2026
- 2026Thinking in Text and Images: Interleaved Vision--Language Reasoning Traces for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation1 May 2026
- 2026DiscreteRTC: Discrete Diffusion Policies are Natural Asynchronous Executors27 Apr 2026
- 2026dWorldEval: Scalable Robotic Policy Evaluation via Discrete Diffusion World Model24 Apr 2026
- 2026Efficient Video Diffusion Models: Advancements and Challenges17 Apr 2026
- 2026DFM-VLA: Iterative Action Refinement for Robot Manipulation via Discrete Flow Matching27 Mar 2026
- 2026Fast-dVLA: Accelerating Discrete Diffusion VLA to Real-Time Performance26 Mar 2026
- 2026Not All Features Are Created Equal: A Mechanistic Study of Vision-Language-Action Models19 Mar 2026
- 2026LLaDA-o: An Effective and Length-Adaptive Omni Diffusion Model1 Mar 2026
- 2026Learning Native Continuation for Action Chunking Flow Policies13 Feb 2026
- 2026On-the-Fly VLA Adaptation via Test-Time Reinforcement Learning11 Jan 2026
- 2025dVLM-AD: Enhance Diffusion Vision-Language-Model for Driving via Controllable Reasoning4 Dec 2025
- 2025AsyncVLA: Asynchronous Flow Matching for Vision-Language-Action Models18 Nov 2025
- 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language-Action Models27 Oct 2025
- 2025A Survey on Efficient Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 34
- 2026Learning Native Continuation for Action Chunking Flow Policiescited by 18
- 2025AsyncVLA: Asynchronous Flow Matching for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 16
- 2026On-the-Fly VLA Adaptation via Test-Time Reinforcement Learningcited by 14
- 2026Not All Features Are Created Equal: A Mechanistic Study of Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 14
- 2026Fast-dVLA: Accelerating Discrete Diffusion VLA to Real-Time Performancecited by 9
- 2026DFM-VLA: Iterative Action Refinement for Robot Manipulation via Discrete Flow Matchingcited by 5
- 2026Fast-dDrive: Efficient Block-Diffusion VLM for Autonomous Drivingcited by 5
- 2026SEAM: Smooth Execution of Action-Chunked Motion for Vision-Language-Action Policiescited by 5
- 2026Anticipation-VLA: Solving Long-Horizon Embodied Tasks via Anticipation-based Subgoal Generationcited by 2
- 2026RePO-VLA: Recovery-Driven Policy Optimization for Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 2
- 2026PolicyTrim: Boosting Intrinsic Policy Efficiency of Vision-Language-Action Modelscited by 2
12 most cited of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026KerColle: Unlocking Fine-Grained GPU Concurrency in Vision-Language-Action Models16 Sep 2026
- 2026Dynin-Robotics: Omnimodal Unified Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Model11 Sep 2026
- 2026Explicit Language Memory for Long-Horizon Planning in Vision-Language-Action Models5 Aug 2026
- 2026WAM-Diff2: Hierarchical AR-to-Diffusion Distillation for Highly Efficient Autonomous Driving VLA2 Aug 2026
- 2026SEAM: Smooth Execution of Action-Chunked Motion for Vision-Language-Action Policies6 Jul 2026
- 2026PAMAE: Phase-Aware-MoE Action Experts Towards Reliable Flow-Matching Vision-Language-Action Policies25 Jun 2026
- 2026dVLA-RL: Reinforcement Learning over Denoising Trajectories for Discrete Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Models22 Jun 2026
- 2026PolicyTrim: Boosting Intrinsic Policy Efficiency of Vision-Language-Action Models21 Jun 2026
- 2026Scaling by Diversified Experience for Vision-Language-Action Models8 Jun 2026
- 2026Fast-dDrive: Efficient Block-Diffusion VLM for Autonomous Driving22 May 2026
- 2026RePO-VLA: Recovery-Driven Policy Optimization for Vision-Language-Action Models10 May 2026
- 2026Anticipation-VLA: Solving Long-Horizon Embodied Tasks via Anticipation-based Subgoal Generation3 May 2026
12 newest of 19 All 19 (JSON)
- 2026LLaDA-o: An Effective and Length-Adaptive Omni Diffusion Modelcited by 8
- 2026Efficient Video Diffusion Models: Advancements and Challengescited by 6
- 2026DiscreteRTC: Discrete Diffusion Policies are Natural Asynchronous Executorscited by 3
- 2026Diffusion Language Models for Mobile Edge Agentic AI: Foundations, Applications, and Challengescited by 0
- 2026Diffusion Language Models for Mobile Edge Agentic AI: Foundations, Applications, and Challenges4 Sep 2026
- 2026DiscreteRTC: Discrete Diffusion Policies are Natural Asynchronous Executors27 Apr 2026
- 2026Efficient Video Diffusion Models: Advancements and Challenges17 Apr 2026
- 2026LLaDA-o: An Effective and Length-Adaptive Omni Diffusion Model1 Mar 2026
- 2025dVLM-AD: Enhance Diffusion Vision-Language-Model for Driving via Controllable Reasoningcited by 14
- 2026Thinking in Text and Images: Interleaved Vision--Language Reasoning Traces for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulationcited by 2
- 2026Continuous Reasoning for Vision-Language-Actioncited by 2
- 2026Think Like a Pilot: Fine-Grained Long-Horizon UAV Navigationcited by 1
- 2026Think Like a Pilot: Fine-Grained Long-Horizon UAV Navigation5 Jun 2026
- 2026Continuous Reasoning for Vision-Language-Action29 May 2026
- 2026Thinking in Text and Images: Interleaved Vision--Language Reasoning Traces for Long-Horizon Robot Manipulation1 May 2026
- 2025dVLM-AD: Enhance Diffusion Vision-Language-Model for Driving via Controllable Reasoning4 Dec 2025
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- 2026MMaDA-VLA: Large Diffusion Vision-Language-Action Model with Unified Multi-Modal Instruction and Generation
- 2024TinyVLA: Towards Fast, Data-Efficient Vision-Language-Action Models for Robotic Manipulation
- 2025Dream-VL & Dream-VLA: Open Vision-Language and Vision-Language-Action Models with Diffusion Language Model Backbone
- 2025Pure Vision Language Action (VLA) Models: A Comprehensive Survey
- 2025Vision Language Action Models in Robotic Manipulation: A Systematic Review
- 2025E0: Enhancing Generalization and Fine-Grained Control in VLA Models via Tweedie Discrete Diffusion
- 2025Evo-1: Lightweight Vision-Language-Action Model with Preserved Semantic Alignment
- 2025VLA-Adapter: An Effective Paradigm for Tiny-Scale Vision-Language-Action Model