mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Of-SemWat: High-payload text embedding for semantic watermarking of AI-generated images with arbitrary size

arXiv 2509.24823 ↗First posted 29 Sep 2025cs.CR cs.AI cs.CVcited by 1

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a high-payload image watermarking method for textual embedding, where a semantic description of the image - which may also correspond to the input text prompt-, is embedded inside the image. In order to be able to robustly embed high payloads in large-scale images - such as those produced by modern AI generators - the proposed approach builds upon a traditional watermarking scheme that exploits orthogonal and turbo codes for improved robustness, and integrates frequency-domain embedding and perceptual masking techniques to enhance watermark imperceptibility. Experiments show that the proposed method is extremely robust against a wide variety of image processing, and the embedded text can be retrieved also after traditional and AI inpainting, permitting to unveil the semantic modification the image has undergone via image-text mismatch analysis.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Sep 2025.

Builds on

14 of 22 references.

References · 14

  1. 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,170
  2. 2018HiDDeN: Hiding Data With Deep Networkscited by 397
  3. 2023The Stable Signature: Rooting Watermarks in Latent Diffusion Modelscited by 304
  4. 2019StegaStamp: Invisible Hyperlinks in Physical Photographscited by 265
  5. 2023EditGuard: Versatile Image Watermarking for Tamper Localization and Copyright Protectioncited by 111
  6. 2021MBRS : Enhancing Robustness of DNN-based Watermarking by Mini-Batch of Real and Simulated JPEG Compressioncited by 110
  7. 2021A survey of deep neural network watermarking techniquescited by 73
  8. 2022Towards Blind Watermarking: Combining Invertible and Non-invertible Mechanismscited by 61
  9. 2023WOUAF: Weight Modulation for User Attribution and Fingerprinting in Text-to-Image Diffusion Modelscited by 53
  10. 2023TrustMark: Universal Watermarking for Arbitrary Resolution Imagescited by 51
  11. 2022Supervised GAN Watermarking for Intellectual Property Protectioncited by 40
  12. 2024FINEMATCH: Aspect-based Fine-grained Image and Text Mismatch Detection and Correctioncited by 17
2 more
  1. 2023Wide Flat Minimum Watermarking for Robust Ownership Verification of GANscited by 10
  2. 2023Robust Retraining-free GAN Fingerprinting via Personalized Normalizationcited by 6

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

1 paper.

  1. 2026AngelFingerprint: A Traceable, Explainable, and White-Box Stealthy Watermark for Text-Guided Image Editingcited by 0

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Your Text Encoder Can Be An Object-Level Watermarking Controller
  2. 2024InvisMark: Invisible and Robust Watermarking for AI-generated Image Provenance
  3. 2025Fast, Secure, and High-Capacity Image Watermarking with Autoencoded Text Vectors
  4. 2025IConMark: Robust Interpretable Concept-Based Watermark For AI Images
  5. 2026Robust Text Watermarking for Large Language Models via Dual Semantic Embeddings
  6. 2024Robust and Minimally Invasive Watermarking for EaaS
  7. 2025Can you Finetune your Binoculars? Embedding Text Watermarks into the Weights of Large Language Models
  8. 2024Multi-Bit Distortion-Free Watermarking for Large Language Models