Curse of Knowledge: When Complex Evaluation Context Benefits yet Biases LLM Judges
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
As large language models (LLMs) grow more capable, they face increasingly diverse and complex tasks, making reliable evaluation challenging. The paradigm of LLMs as judges has emerged as a scalable solution, yet prior work primarily focuses on simple settings. Their reliability in complex tasks--where multi-faceted rubrics, unstructured reference answers, and nuanced criteria are critical--remains understudied. In this paper, we constructed ComplexEval, a challenge benchmark designed to systematically expose and quantify Auxiliary Information Induced Biases. We systematically investigated and validated 6 previously unexplored biases across 12 basic and 3 advanced scenarios. Key findings reveal: (1) all evaluated models exhibit significant susceptibility to these biases, with bias magnitude scaling with task complexity; (2) notably, Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) show paradoxical vulnerability. Our in-depth analysis offers crucial insights for improving the accuracy and verifiability of evaluation signals, paving the way for more general and robust evaluation models.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2025.
Builds on
0 of 0 references.
No references here yet.
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 5.
7 papers.
- 2025JarvisEvo: Towards a Self-Evolving Photo Editing Agent with Synergistic Editor-Evaluator Optimizationcited by 30
- 2025The PIMMUR Principles: Ensuring Validity in Collective Behavior of LLM Societiescited by 12
- 2026From Holistic Evaluation to Structured Criteria: Rubrics Across the Evolving LLM Landscapecited by 4
- 2026Beyond the Illusion of Consensus: From Surface Heuristics to Knowledge-Grounded Evaluation in LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 3
- 2026HumanLLM: Benchmarking and Improving LLM Anthropomorphism via Human Cognitive Patternscited by 1
- 2026SAGE: Scalable AI Governance & Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Themis: Training Robust Multilingual Code Reward Models for Flexible Multi-Criteria Scoringcited by 0
- 2026From Holistic Evaluation to Structured Criteria: Rubrics Across the Evolving LLM Landscape7 Jun 2026
- 2026Themis: Training Robust Multilingual Code Reward Models for Flexible Multi-Criteria Scoring1 May 2026
- 2026Beyond the Illusion of Consensus: From Surface Heuristics to Knowledge-Grounded Evaluation in LLM-as-a-Judge11 Mar 2026
- 2026SAGE: Scalable AI Governance & Evaluation8 Feb 2026
- 2026HumanLLM: Benchmarking and Improving LLM Anthropomorphism via Human Cognitive Patterns15 Jan 2026
- 2025JarvisEvo: Towards a Self-Evolving Photo Editing Agent with Synergistic Editor-Evaluator Optimization28 Nov 2025
- 2025The PIMMUR Principles: Ensuring Validity in Collective Behavior of LLM Societies22 Sep 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Evaluating Scoring Bias in LLM-as-a-Judge
- 2024CBEval: A framework for evaluating and interpreting cognitive biases in LLMs
- 2025Safer or Luckier? LLMs as Safety Evaluators Are Not Robust to Artifacts
- 2024From Calculation to Adjudication: Examining LLM judges on Mathematical Reasoning Tasks
- 2026Toward Robust LLM-Based Judges: Taxonomic Bias Evaluation and Debiasing Optimization
- 2025Neither Valid nor Reliable? Investigating the Use of LLMs as Judges
- 2025Leveraging LLMs as Meta-Judges: A Multi-Agent Framework for Evaluating LLM Judgments
- 2024Judging the Judges: Evaluating Alignment and Vulnerabilities in LLMs-as-Judges