mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

Curse of Knowledge: When Complex Evaluation Context Benefits yet Biases LLM Judges

arXiv 2509.03419 ↗First posted 3 Sep 2025cs.CLcited by 7

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Abstract (arXiv)

As large language models (LLMs) grow more capable, they face increasingly diverse and complex tasks, making reliable evaluation challenging. The paradigm of LLMs as judges has emerged as a scalable solution, yet prior work primarily focuses on simple settings. Their reliability in complex tasks--where multi-faceted rubrics, unstructured reference answers, and nuanced criteria are critical--remains understudied. In this paper, we constructed ComplexEval, a challenge benchmark designed to systematically expose and quantify Auxiliary Information Induced Biases. We systematically investigated and validated 6 previously unexplored biases across 12 basic and 3 advanced scenarios. Key findings reveal: (1) all evaluated models exhibit significant susceptibility to these biases, with bias magnitude scaling with task complexity; (2) notably, Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) show paradoxical vulnerability. Our in-depth analysis offers crucial insights for improving the accuracy and verifiability of evaluation signals, paving the way for more general and robust evaluation models.

Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2025.

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Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 5.

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  2. 2024CBEval: A framework for evaluating and interpreting cognitive biases in LLMs
  3. 2025Safer or Luckier? LLMs as Safety Evaluators Are Not Robust to Artifacts
  4. 2024From Calculation to Adjudication: Examining LLM judges on Mathematical Reasoning Tasks
  5. 2026Toward Robust LLM-Based Judges: Taxonomic Bias Evaluation and Debiasing Optimization
  6. 2025Neither Valid nor Reliable? Investigating the Use of LLMs as Judges
  7. 2025Leveraging LLMs as Meta-Judges: A Multi-Agent Framework for Evaluating LLM Judgments
  8. 2024Judging the Judges: Evaluating Alignment and Vulnerabilities in LLMs-as-Judges