mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Enhancing Interpretability and Effectiveness in Recommendation with Numerical Features via Learning to Contrast the Counterfactual samples

arXiv 2509.03187 ↗First posted 3 Sep 2025cs.IR cs.LGcited by 2

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Abstract (arXiv)

We propose a general model-agnostic Contrastive learning framework with Counterfactual Samples Synthesizing (CCSS) for modeling the monotonicity between the neural network output and numerical features which is critical for interpretability and effectiveness of recommender systems. CCSS models the monotonicity via a two-stage process: synthesizing counterfactual samples and contrasting the counterfactual samples. The two techniques are naturally integrated into a model-agnostic framework, forming an end-to-end training process. Abundant empirical tests are conducted on a publicly available dataset and a real industrial dataset, and the results well demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed CCSS. Besides, CCSS has been deployed in our real large-scale industrial recommender, successfully serving over hundreds of millions users.

Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 22 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Sep 2025.

Builds on

12 of 22 references.

References · 12

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  2. 2016Wide & Deep Learning for Recommender Systemscited by 747
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  5. 2019Deep Learning Recommendation Model for Personalization and Recommendation Systemscited by 327
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  7. 2020Counterfactual Samples Synthesizing for Robust Visual Question Answeringcited by 153
  8. 2016Product-based Neural Networks for User Response Predictioncited by 145
  9. 2021Shapley values for feature selection: The good, the bad, and the axiomscited by 54
  10. 2020An Embedding Learning Framework for Numerical Features in CTR Predictioncited by 37
  11. 2020Improving Deep Learning For Airbnb Searchcited by 19
  12. 2020Explainable Recommender Systems via Resolving Learning Representationscited by 11

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.

2 papers.