Do What? Teaching Vision-Language-Action Models to Reject the Impossible
On the map: Vision-language-action models → Failure recovery and robustness
Abstract (arXiv)
Recently, Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated strong performance on a range of robotic tasks. These models rely on multimodal inputs, with language instructions playing a crucial role -- not only in predicting actions, but also in robustly interpreting user intent, even when the requests are impossible to fulfill. In this work, we investigate how VLAs can recognize, interpret, and respond to false-premise instructions: natural language commands that reference objects or conditions absent from the environment. We propose Instruct-Verify-and-Act (IVA), a unified framework that (i) detects when an instruction cannot be executed due to a false premise, (ii) engages in language-based clarification or correction, and (iii) grounds plausible alternatives in perception and action. Towards this end, we construct a large-scale instruction tuning setup with structured language prompts and train a VLA model capable of handling both accurate and erroneous requests. Our approach leverages a contextually augmented, semi-synthetic dataset containing paired positive and false-premise instructions, enabling robust detection and natural language correction. Our experiments show that IVA improves false premise detection accuracy by 97.56% over baselines, while increasing successful responses in false-premise scenarios by 50.78%.
Key facts. Cited by 7 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Failure recovery and robustness, one of 13 directions in Vision-language-action models. Builds on 22 of its 37 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 22 Aug 2025.
Builds on
22 of 37 references.
References · 22
- 2024OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Modelcited by 2,887
- 2023PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Modelcited by 2,071
- 2018Know What You Don't Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuADcited by 1,554
- 2016CLEVR: A Diagnostic Dataset for Compositional Language and Elementary Visual Reasoningcited by 1,457
- 2014Deep Visual-Semantic Alignments for Generating Image Descriptionscited by 968
- 2018VizWiz Grand Challenge: Answering Visual Questions from Blind Peoplecited by 858
- 2019RLBench: The Robot Learning Benchmark & Learning Environmentcited by 689
- 2018Object Hallucination in Image Captioningcited by 669
- 2023Robots That Ask For Help: Uncertainty Alignment for Large Language Model Plannerscited by 308
- 2024Yell At Your Robot: Improving On-the-Fly from Language Correctionscited by 124
- 2014From Captions to Visual Concepts and Backcited by 109
- 2022Reliable Visual Question Answering: Abstain Rather Than Answer Incorrectlycited by 89
10 more
- 2024LLARVA: Vision-Action Instruction Tuning Enhances Robot Learningcited by 87
- 2019CLEVR-Ref+: Diagnosing Visual Reasoning with Referring Expressionscited by 73
- 2017Image-Grounded Conversations: Multimodal Context for Natural Question and Response Generationcited by 59
- 2023Won't Get Fooled Again: Answering Questions with False Premisescited by 48
- 2023CLARA: Classifying and Disambiguating User Commands for Reliable Interactive Robotic Agentscited by 30
- 2025Pre-training Auto-regressive Robotic Models with 4D Representationscited by 27
- 2024Embodied Red Teaming for Auditing Robotic Foundation Modelscited by 21
- 2016Question Relevance in VQA: Identifying Non-Visual And False-Premise Questionscited by 16
- 2017The Promise of Premise: Harnessing Question Premises in Visual Question Answeringcited by 11
- 2018Question Relevance in Visual Question Answeringcited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 5.
7 papers.
- 2025When Robots Should Say "I Don't Know": Benchmarking Abstention in Embodied Question Answeringcited by 10
- 2026Hide-and-Seek in Trajectories: Discovering Failure Signals for VLA Runtime Monitoringcited by 9
- 2025End-to-end Listen, Look, Speak and Actcited by 5
- 2026VLN-NF: Feasibility-Aware Vision-and-Language Navigation with False-Premise Instructionscited by 3
- 2026RoboFollow: Unveiling the Instruction Following Mirage in Embodied Agentscited by 1
- 2026STAGE: Diagnosing Semantic Transfer at Grounded Execution in Embodied Agentscited by 0
- 2026ConflictVLA-Bench: Benchmarking Behavioral Responses of Vision-Language-Action Models to Premise Conflictscited by 0
- 2026ConflictVLA-Bench: Benchmarking Behavioral Responses of Vision-Language-Action Models to Premise Conflicts25 Sep 2026
- 2026RoboFollow: Unveiling the Instruction Following Mirage in Embodied Agents22 Sep 2026
- 2026STAGE: Diagnosing Semantic Transfer at Grounded Execution in Embodied Agents11 Sep 2026
- 2026Hide-and-Seek in Trajectories: Discovering Failure Signals for VLA Runtime Monitoring29 May 2026
- 2026VLN-NF: Feasibility-Aware Vision-and-Language Navigation with False-Premise Instructions12 Apr 2026
- 2025When Robots Should Say "I Don't Know": Benchmarking Abstention in Embodied Question Answering4 Dec 2025
- 2025End-to-end Listen, Look, Speak and Act19 Oct 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Restoring Linguistic Grounding in VLA Models via Train-Free Attention Recalibration
- 2025Do What You Say: Steering Vision-Language-Action Models via Runtime Reasoning-Action Alignment Verification
- 2025Bring the Apple, Not the Sofa: Impact of Irrelevant Context in Embodied AI Commands on VLA Models
- 2026Learning What to Say to Your VLA: Mostly Harmless Vision Language Action Model Steering
- 2026When Vision Overrides Language: Evaluating and Mitigating Counterfactual Failures in VLAs
- 2025Unveiling the Potential of Vision-Language-Action Models with Open-Ended Multimodal Instructions
- 2026Training-Free Action Correction for VLA Model Failures via Language Feedback
- 2026Scaling Verification Can Be More Effective than Scaling Policy Learning for Vision-Language-Action Alignment