Hallucination as a Computational Boundary: A Hierarchy of Inevitability and the Oracle Escape
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
The illusion phenomenon of large language models (LLMs) is the core obstacle to their reliable deployment. This article formalizes the large language model as a probabilistic Turing machine by constructing a "computational necessity hierarchy", and for the first time proves the illusions are inevitable on diagonalization, incomputability, and information theory boundaries supported by the new "learner pump lemma". However, we propose two "escape routes": one is to model Retrieval Enhanced Generations (RAGs) as oracle machines, proving their absolute escape through "computational jumps", providing the first formal theory for the effectiveness of RAGs; The second is to formalize continuous learning as an "internalized oracle" mechanism and implement this path through a novel neural game theory framework. Finally, this article proposes a feasible new principle for artificial intelligence security - Computational Class Alignment (CCA), which requires strict matching between task complexity and the actual computing power of the system, providing theoretical support for the secure application of artificial intelligence.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 6 of its 17 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 Aug 2025.
Builds on
6 of 17 references.
References · 6
- 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2022Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPTcited by 2,691
- 2023A Survey on Large Language Model based Autonomous Agentscited by 2,242
- 2022Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Knowcited by 1,856
- 2021Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 553
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
2 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Refusing the Impossible: A Taxonomy and Benchmark for Code Hallucination in Large Language Models ↗
- 2024RAGged Edges: The Double-Edged Sword of Retrieval-Augmented Chatbots
- 2025Mitigating Hallucination in Large Language Models (LLMs): An Application-Oriented Survey on RAG, Reasoning, and Agentic Systems
- 2026Exposing LLM Safety Gaps Through Mathematical Encoding:New Attacks and Systematic Analysis
- 2025Capturing AI's Attention: Physics of Repetition, Hallucination, Bias and Beyond
- 2023Beyond Words: A Mathematical Framework for Interpreting Large Language Models
- 2024Jailbreaking Large Language Models with Symbolic Mathematics
- 2026Closed-World Resolution Against Tool Hallucination in LLM Agents