Data and AI governance: Promoting equity, ethics, and fairness in large language models
On the map: LLM safety and security → Safety alignment, refusal and guardrails
Abstract (arXiv)
In this paper, we cover approaches to systematically govern, assess and quantify bias across the complete life cycle of machine learning models, from initial development and validation to ongoing production monitoring and guardrail implementation. Building upon our foundational work on the Bias Evaluation and Assessment Test Suite (BEATS) for Large Language Models, the authors share prevalent bias and fairness related gaps in Large Language Models (LLMs) and discuss data and AI governance framework to address Bias, Ethics, Fairness, and Factuality within LLMs. The data and AI governance approach discussed in this paper is suitable for practical, real-world applications, enabling rigorous benchmarking of LLMs prior to production deployment, facilitating continuous real-time evaluation, and proactively governing LLM generated responses. By implementing the data and AI governance across the life cycle of AI development, organizations can significantly enhance the safety and responsibility of their GenAI systems, effectively mitigating risks of discrimination and protecting against potential reputational or brand-related harm. Ultimately, through this article, we aim to contribute to advancement of the creation and deployment of socially responsible and ethically aligned generative artificial intelligence powered applications.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Safety alignment, refusal and guardrails, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 15 of its 63 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Aug 2025.
Builds on
15 of 63 references.
References · 15
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,626
- 2017A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictionscited by 6,555
- 2016Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddingscited by 1,312
- 2021Ethical and social risks of harm from Language Modelscited by 966
- 2021BBQ: A Hand-Built Bias Benchmark for Question Answeringcited by 701
- 2024Justice or Prejudice? Quantifying Biases in LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 368
- 2024Hallucination-Free? Assessing the Reliability of Leading AI Legal Research Toolscited by 176
- 2021Explaining Hyperparameter Optimization via Partial Dependence Plotscited by 35
- 2020AI Lifecycle Models Need To Be Revised. An Exploratory Study in Fintechcited by 33
- 2021Counterfactual Explanations for Machine Learning: Challenges Revisitedcited by 19
- 2021An Artificial Intelligence Life Cycle: From Conception to Productioncited by 11
3 more
- 2019Fairness Assessment for Artificial Intelligence in Financial Industrycited by 7
- 2025BEATS: Bias Evaluation and Assessment Test Suite for Large Language Modelscited by 5
- 2024Navigating Governance Paradigms: A Cross-Regional Comparative Study of Generative AI Governance Processes & Principlescited by 4
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 2.
2 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Culturally-Grounded Governance for Multilingual Language Models: Rights, Data Boundaries, and Accountable AI Design
- 2025Auditing the Ethical Logic of Generative AI Models
- 2023She had Cobalt Blue Eyes: Prompt Testing to Create Aligned and Sustainable Language Models
- 2024Prompt and Prejudice
- 2024MoralBench: Moral Evaluation of LLMs
- 2025An Overview of Large Language Models for Statisticians
- 2024Stars, Stripes, and Silicon: Unravelling the ChatGPT's All-American, Monochrome, Cis-centric Bias
- 2024Red-Teaming for Inducing Societal Bias in Large Language Models