Relic: Enhancing Reward Model Generalization for Low-Resource Indic Languages with Few-Shot Examples
On the map: LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation → Reward modeling and RLHF
Abstract (arXiv)
Reward models are essential for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences. However, most open-source multilingual reward models are primarily trained on preference datasets in high-resource languages, resulting in unreliable reward signals for low-resource Indic languages. Collecting large-scale, high-quality preference data for these languages is prohibitively expensive, making preference-based training approaches impractical. To address this challenge, we propose RELIC, a novel in-context learning framework for reward modeling in low-resource Indic languages. RELIC trains a retriever with a pairwise ranking objective to select in-context examples from auxiliary high-resource languages that most effectively highlight the distinction between preferred and less-preferred responses. Extensive experiments on three preference datasets- PKU-SafeRLHF, WebGPT, and HH-RLHF-using state-of-the-art open-source reward models demonstrate that RELIC significantly improves reward model accuracy for low-resource Indic languages, consistently outperforming existing example selection methods. For example, on Bodo-a low-resource Indic language-using a LLaMA-3.2-3B reward model, RELIC achieves a 12.81% and 10.13% improvement in accuracy over zero-shot prompting and state-of-the-art example selection method, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 6 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Reward modeling and RLHF, one of 10 directions in LLM alignment / RLHF / preference optimisation. Builds on 44 of its 52 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Jun 2025.
Builds on
44 of 52 references.
Closest ancestors · 10
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Skywork-Reward: Bag of Tricks for Reward Modeling in LLMs24 Oct
- 2024Cross-lingual Transfer of Reward Models in Multilingual Alignment23 Oct
- 2024M-RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models in Multilingual Settings20 Oct
- 2024Regularizing Hidden States Enables Learning Generalizable Reward Model for LLMs14 Jun
- 2024Reuse Your Rewards: Reward Model Transfer for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Alignment18 Apr
- 2023Direct Preference Optimization: Your Language Model is Secretly a Reward Model29 May
- 2022Training a Helpful and Harmless Assistant with Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback12 Apr
- 2021WebGPT: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback17 Dec
- 2019Fine-Tuning Language Models from Human Preferences18 Sep
- 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences12 Jun
Other references · 34
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2020Dense Passage Retrieval for Open-Domain Question Answeringcited by 3,824
- 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,588
- 2021What Makes Good In-Context Examples for GPT-3?cited by 1,195
- 2019Cross-lingual Language Model Pretrainingcited by 1,090
- 2019Latent Retrieval for Weakly Supervised Open Domain Question Answeringcited by 695
- 2021Learning To Retrieve Prompts for In-Context Learningcited by 648
- 2024PKU-SafeRLHF: Towards Multi-Level Safety Alignment for LLMs with Human Preferencecited by 261
- 2022Active Example Selection for In-Context Learningcited by 196
- 2023Not All Languages Are Created Equal in LLMs: Improving Multilingual Capability by Cross-Lingual-Thought Promptingcited by 165
- 2022Self-Adaptive In-Context Learning: An Information Compression Perspective for In-Context Example Selection and Orderingcited by 161
22 more
- 2023Compositional Exemplars for In-context Learningcited by 144
- 2023Unified Demonstration Retriever for In-Context Learningcited by 142
- 2022Diverse Demonstrations Improve In-context Compositional Generalizationcited by 139
- 2021Differentiable Prompt Makes Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learnerscited by 115
- 2023Finding Support Examples for In-Context Learningcited by 104
- 2024ARGS: Alignment as Reward-Guided Searchcited by 103
- 2021Language Models are Few-shot Multilingual Learnerscited by 92
- 2023Do Multilingual Language Models Think Better in English?cited by 88
- 2023In-Context Learning with Iterative Demonstration Selectioncited by 74
- 2023Dr.ICL: Demonstration-Retrieved In-context Learningcited by 72
- 2023Multilingual LLMs are Better Cross-lingual In-context Learners with Alignmentcited by 71
- 2024MAPO: Advancing Multilingual Reasoning through Multilingual Alignment-as-Preference Optimizationcited by 69
- 2023In-context Example Selection with Influencescited by 61
- 2024IndicGenBench: A Multilingual Benchmark to Evaluate Generation Capabilities of LLMs on Indic Languagescited by 56
- 2024Transfer Q Star: Principled Decoding for LLM Alignmentcited by 48
- 2024Immune: Improving Safety Against Jailbreaks in Multi-modal LLMs via Inference-Time Alignmentcited by 44
- 2025A Survey of Multilingual Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 33
- 2024Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Low-Resource Languages in Humanities Researchcited by 27
- 2023RetICL: Sequential Retrieval of In-Context Examples with Reinforcement Learningcited by 24
- 2024XAMPLER: Learning to Retrieve Cross-Lingual In-Context Examplescited by 5
- 2024PromptRefine: Enhancing Few-Shot Performance on Low-Resource Indic Languages with Example Selection from Related Example Bankscited by 5
- 2022How Do Multilingual Encoders Learn Cross-lingual Representation?cited by 1
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 3.
6 papers.
- 2025CLINIC: Evaluating Multilingual Trustworthiness in Language Models for Healthcarecited by 9
- 2026CURE-Med: Curriculum-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Multilingual Medical Reasoningcited by 9
- 2025Let's Play Across Cultures: A Large Multilingual, Multicultural Benchmark for Assessing Language Models' Understanding of Sportscited by 3
- 2025KITE: Kernelized and Information Theoretic Exemplars for In-Context Learningcited by 0
- 2026Pak3H: Evaluating the Cost of Cultural Mismatch in LLM Alignment with a Human-Contextualized Urdu Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026PersuaRL: Reinforcement Learning-Driven Multi-Expert Selection for Persuasive Dialogue Generation in Insurancecited by 0
- 2026PersuaRL: Reinforcement Learning-Driven Multi-Expert Selection for Persuasive Dialogue Generation in Insurance1 Sep 2026
- 2026Pak3H: Evaluating the Cost of Cultural Mismatch in LLM Alignment with a Human-Contextualized Urdu Benchmark30 Aug 2026
- 2026CURE-Med: Curriculum-Informed Reinforcement Learning for Multilingual Medical Reasoning19 Jan 2026
- 2025CLINIC: Evaluating Multilingual Trustworthiness in Language Models for Healthcare12 Dec 2025
- 2025Let's Play Across Cultures: A Large Multilingual, Multicultural Benchmark for Assessing Language Models' Understanding of Sports24 Sep 2025
- 2025KITE: Kernelized and Information Theoretic Exemplars for In-Context Learning19 Sep 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2026Meta-Learning Preferences for Multilingual LLM Alignment
- 2024Improving Context-Aware Preference Modeling for Language Models
- 2025Self-Consistency of the Internal Reward Models Improves Self-Rewarding Language Models
- 2024RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models for Language Modeling
- 2025Aligning LLMs with Domain Invariant Reward Models
- 2025Implicit Cross-Lingual Rewarding for Efficient Multilingual Preference Alignment
- 2026Steerable Cultural Preference Optimization of Reward Models
- 2024West-of-N: Synthetic Preferences for Self-Improving Reward Models