MLLM-Based UI2Code Automation Guided by UI Layout Information
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Abstract (arXiv)
Converting user interfaces into code (UI2Code) is a crucial step in website development, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The automation of UI2Code is essential to streamline this task, beneficial for improving the development efficiency. There exist deep learning-based methods for the task; however, they heavily rely on a large amount of labeled training data and struggle with generalizing to real-world, unseen web page designs. The advent of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) presents potential for alleviating the issue, but they are difficult to comprehend the complex layouts in UIs and generate the accurate code with layout preserved. To address these issues, we propose LayoutCoder, a novel MLLM-based framework generating UI code from real-world webpage images, which includes three key modules: (1) Element Relation Construction, which aims at capturing UI layout by identifying and grouping components with similar structures; (2) UI Layout Parsing, which aims at generating UI layout trees for guiding the subsequent code generation process; and (3) Layout-Guided Code Fusion, which aims at producing the accurate code with layout preserved. For evaluation, we build a new benchmark dataset which involves 350 real-world websites named Snap2Code, divided into seen and unseen parts for mitigating the data leakage issue, besides the popular dataset Design2Code. Extensive evaluation shows the superior performance of LayoutCoder over the state-of-the-art approaches. Compared with the best-performing baseline, LayoutCoder improves 10.14% in the BLEU score and 3.95% in the CLIP score on average across all datasets.
Key facts. Cited by 17 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 12 Jun 2025.
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 8; 2026: 9.
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- 2025ScreenCoder: Advancing Visual-to-Code Generation for Front-End Automation via Modular Multimodal Agentscited by 23
- 2025VinciCoder: Unifying Multimodal Code Generation via Coarse-to-fine Visual Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
- 2025WebVIA: A Web-based Vision-Language Agentic Framework for Interactive and Verifiable UI-to-Code Generationcited by 8
- 2025Widget2Code: From Visual Widgets to UI Code via Multimodal LLMscited by 8
- 2025Automatically Generating Web Applications from Requirements Via Multi-Agent Test-Driven Developmentcited by 5
- 2025EfficientUICoder: A Bidirectional Token Compression Framework for Efficient MLLM-Based UI Code Generationcited by 4
- 20253D Software Synthesis Driven by Constraint-Expressive Intermediate Representationcited by 3
- 2026DesignAsCode: Bridging Structural Editability and Visual Fidelity in Graphic Design Generationcited by 3
- 2025TREAT: A Code LLMs Trustworthiness / Reliability Evaluation and Testing Frameworkcited by 1
- 20261D-Bench: A Benchmark for Iterative UI Code Generation with Visual Feedback in Real-Worldcited by 1
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debuggingcited by 1
- 2026SPRITE: From Static Mockups to Engine-Ready Game UIcited by 0
5 more
- 2026ProductWebGen: Benchmarking Multimodal Product Webpage Generationcited by 0
- 2026LongWebBench: Evaluating Structural and Functional Webpage Generation in Long-Horizon Settingscited by 0
- 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programscited by 0
- 2026From Visual Widgets to UI Code: Efficient Tool-Grounded Generationcited by 0
- 2026Editable Visual Designcited by 0
- 2026Editable Visual Design3 Sep 2026
- 2026From Visual Widgets to UI Code: Efficient Tool-Grounded Generation12 Aug 2026
- 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programs2 Jul 2026
- 2026LongWebBench: Evaluating Structural and Functional Webpage Generation in Long-Horizon Settings16 Jun 2026
- 2026ProductWebGen: Benchmarking Multimodal Product Webpage Generation31 May 2026
- 2026SPRITE: From Static Mockups to Engine-Ready Game UI18 Mar 2026
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debugging14 Mar 2026
- 20261D-Bench: A Benchmark for Iterative UI Code Generation with Visual Feedback in Real-World20 Feb 2026
- 2026DesignAsCode: Bridging Structural Editability and Visual Fidelity in Graphic Design Generation6 Feb 2026
- 2025Widget2Code: From Visual Widgets to UI Code via Multimodal LLMs22 Dec 2025
- 2025WebVIA: A Web-based Vision-Language Agentic Framework for Interactive and Verifiable UI-to-Code Generation9 Nov 2025
- 2025VinciCoder: Unifying Multimodal Code Generation via Coarse-to-fine Visual Reinforcement Learning1 Nov 2025
5 more
- 2025TREAT: A Code LLMs Trustworthiness / Reliability Evaluation and Testing Framework20 Oct 2025
- 2025Automatically Generating Web Applications from Requirements Via Multi-Agent Test-Driven Development29 Sep 2025
- 2025EfficientUICoder: A Bidirectional Token Compression Framework for Efficient MLLM-Based UI Code Generation15 Sep 2025
- 2025ScreenCoder: Advancing Visual-to-Code Generation for Front-End Automation via Modular Multimodal Agents30 Jul 2025
- 20253D Software Synthesis Driven by Constraint-Expressive Intermediate Representation24 Jul 2025
- 2025ScreenCoder: Advancing Visual-to-Code Generation for Front-End Automation via Modular Multimodal Agentscited by 23
- 2025WebVIA: A Web-based Vision-Language Agentic Framework for Interactive and Verifiable UI-to-Code Generationcited by 8
- 2025Automatically Generating Web Applications from Requirements Via Multi-Agent Test-Driven Developmentcited by 5
- 2025WebVIA: A Web-based Vision-Language Agentic Framework for Interactive and Verifiable UI-to-Code Generation9 Nov 2025
- 2025Automatically Generating Web Applications from Requirements Via Multi-Agent Test-Driven Development29 Sep 2025
- 2025ScreenCoder: Advancing Visual-to-Code Generation for Front-End Automation via Modular Multimodal Agents30 Jul 2025
- 2025VinciCoder: Unifying Multimodal Code Generation via Coarse-to-fine Visual Reinforcement Learningcited by 18
- 20253D Software Synthesis Driven by Constraint-Expressive Intermediate Representationcited by 3
- 2026DesignAsCode: Bridging Structural Editability and Visual Fidelity in Graphic Design Generationcited by 3
- 2025TREAT: A Code LLMs Trustworthiness / Reliability Evaluation and Testing Frameworkcited by 1
- 20261D-Bench: A Benchmark for Iterative UI Code Generation with Visual Feedback in Real-Worldcited by 1
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debuggingcited by 1
- 2026SPRITE: From Static Mockups to Engine-Ready Game UIcited by 0
- 2026ProductWebGen: Benchmarking Multimodal Product Webpage Generationcited by 0
- 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programscited by 0
- 2026From Visual Widgets to UI Code: Efficient Tool-Grounded Generationcited by 0
- 2026Editable Visual Designcited by 0
- 2026Editable Visual Design3 Sep 2026
- 2026From Visual Widgets to UI Code: Efficient Tool-Grounded Generation12 Aug 2026
- 2026Decomposer: Learning to Decompile Symbolic Music to Programs2 Jul 2026
- 2026ProductWebGen: Benchmarking Multimodal Product Webpage Generation31 May 2026
- 2026SPRITE: From Static Mockups to Engine-Ready Game UI18 Mar 2026
- 2026Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debugging14 Mar 2026
- 20261D-Bench: A Benchmark for Iterative UI Code Generation with Visual Feedback in Real-World20 Feb 2026
- 2026DesignAsCode: Bridging Structural Editability and Visual Fidelity in Graphic Design Generation6 Feb 2026
- 2025VinciCoder: Unifying Multimodal Code Generation via Coarse-to-fine Visual Reinforcement Learning1 Nov 2025
- 2025TREAT: A Code LLMs Trustworthiness / Reliability Evaluation and Testing Framework20 Oct 2025
- 20253D Software Synthesis Driven by Constraint-Expressive Intermediate Representation24 Jul 2025
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2024Automatically Generating UI Code from Screenshot: A Divide-and-Conquer-Based Approach
- 2024WebCode2M: A Real-World Dataset for Code Generation from Webpage Designs
- 2026TaoD2C-Bench: Benchmarking MLLMs for Industrial UI Code Generation Beyond Visual Fidelity
- 2024Design2Code: Benchmarking Multimodal Code Generation for Automated Front-End Engineering
- 2025WebRenderBench: Enhancing Web Interface Generation through Layout-Style Consistency and Reinforcement Learning
- 2024Interaction2Code: Benchmarking MLLM-based Interactive Webpage Code Generation from Interactive Prototyping
- 2025LaTCoder: Converting Webpage Design to Code with Layout-as-Thought
- 2024Web2Code: A Large-scale Webpage-to-Code Dataset and Evaluation Framework for Multimodal LLMs