Explainability-Based Token Replacement on LLM-Generated Text
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Generative models, especially large language models (LLMs), have shown remarkable progress in producing text that appears human-like. However, they often exhibit patterns that make their output easier to detect than text written by humans. In this paper, we investigate how explainable AI (XAI) methods can be used to reduce the detectability of AI-generated text (AIGT) while also introducing a robust ensemble-based detection approach. We begin by training an ensemble classifier to distinguish AIGT from human-written text, then apply SHAP and LIME to identify tokens that most strongly influence its predictions. We propose four explainability-based token replacement strategies to modify these influential tokens. Our findings show that these token replacement approaches can significantly diminish a single classifier's ability to detect AIGT. However, our ensemble classifier maintains strong performance across multiple languages and domains, showing that a multi-model approach can mitigate the impact of token-level manipulations. These results show that XAI methods can make AIGT harder to detect by focusing on the most influential tokens. At the same time, they highlight the need for robust, ensemble-based detection strategies that can adapt to evolving approaches for hiding AIGT.
Key facts. Cited by 2 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 29 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 4 Jun 2025.
Builds on
29 of 65 references.
References · 29
- 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
- 2017A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictionscited by 6,488
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
- 2020Longformer: The Long-Document Transformercited by 3,362
- 2023DetectGPT: Zero-Shot Machine-Generated Text Detection using Probability Curvaturecited by 705
- 2019Defending Against Neural Fake Newscited by 553
- 2019Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Modelscited by 505
- 2019GLTR: Statistical Detection and Visualization of Generated Textcited by 490
- 2023Paraphrasing evades detectors of AI-generated text, but retrieval is an effective defensecited by 401
- 2021All That's 'Human' Is Not Gold: Evaluating Human Evaluation of Generated Textcited by 287
- 2023Fast-DetectGPT: Efficient Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Text via Conditional Probability Curvaturecited by 278
- 2023DetectLLM: Leveraging Log Rank Information for Zero-Shot Detection of Machine-Generated Textcited by 207
17 more
- 2023RADAR: Robust AI-Text Detection via Adversarial Learningcited by 187
- 2023GPT detectors are biased against non-native English writerscited by 175
- 2023DNA-GPT: Divergent N-Gram Analysis for Training-Free Detection of GPT-Generated Textcited by 127
- 2023OUTFOX: LLM-Generated Essay Detection Through In-Context Learning with Adversarially Generated Examplescited by 80
- 2023Watermarking Text Generated by Black-Box Language Modelscited by 68
- 2024DeTeCtive: Detecting AI-generated Text via Multi-Level Contrastive Learningcited by 52
- 2023Overview of AuTexTification at IberLEF 2023: Detection and Attribution of Machine-Generated Text in Multiple Domainscited by 31
- 2024Humanizing Machine-Generated Content: Evading AI-Text Detection through Adversarial Attackcited by 27
- 2024Detecting AI-Generated Text: Factors Influencing Detectability with Current Methodscited by 23
- 2024GhostWriter: Augmenting Collaborative Human-AI Writing Experiences Through Personalization and Agencycited by 18
- 2024Are AI-Generated Text Detectors Robust to Adversarial Perturbations?cited by 16
- 2024SyntaxShap: Syntax-aware Explainability Method for Text Generationcited by 11
- 2025Explainability in Practice: A Survey of Explainable NLP Across Various Domainscited by 11
- 2023J-Guard: Journalism Guided Adversarially Robust Detection of AI-generated Newscited by 10
- 2025AuthorMist: Evading AI Text Detectors with Reinforcement Learningcited by 9
- 2024Unused information in token probability distribution of generative LLM: improving LLM reading comprehension through calculation of expected valuescited by 4
- 2025Detecting AI-Generated Text in Educational Content: Leveraging Machine Learning and Explainable AI for Academic Integritycited by 3
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2.
2 papers.