mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

Contextual Paralinguistic Data Creation for Multi-Modal Speech-LLM: Data Condensation and Spoken QA Generation

arXiv 2505.13338 ↗First posted 19 May 2025cs.CL cs.AI eess.AScited by 4

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Abstract (arXiv)

Current speech-LLMs exhibit limited capability in contextual reasoning alongside paralinguistic understanding, primarily due to the lack of Question-Answer (QA) datasets that cover both aspects. We propose a novel framework for dataset generation from in-the-wild speech data, that integrates contextual reasoning with paralinguistic information. It consists of a pseudo paralinguistic label-based data condensation of in-the-wild speech and LLM-based Contextual Paralinguistic QA (CPQA) generation. The effectiveness is validated by a strong correlation in evaluations of the Qwen2-Audio-7B-Instruct model on a dataset created by our framework and human-generated CPQA dataset. The results also reveal the speech-LLM's limitations in handling empathetic reasoning tasks, highlighting the need for such datasets and more robust models. The proposed framework is first of its kind and has potential in training more robust speech-LLMs with paralinguistic reasoning capabilities.

Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 27 of its 32 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 May 2025.

Builds on

27 of 32 references.

References · 27

  1. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,396
  2. 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
  3. 2021WavLM: Large-Scale Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Full Stack Speech Processingcited by 1,657
  4. 2018VoxCeleb2: Deep Speaker Recognitioncited by 875
  5. 2018MELD: A Multimodal Multi-Party Dataset for Emotion Recognition in Conversationscited by 643
  6. 2020ECAPA-TDNN: Emphasized Channel Attention, Propagation and Aggregation in TDNN Based Speaker Verificationcited by 628
  7. 2023Qwen-Audio: Advancing Universal Audio Understanding via Unified Large-Scale Audio-Language Modelscited by 608
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  11. 2023AudioPaLM: A Large Language Model That Can Speak and Listencited by 343
  12. 2023WhisperX: Time-Accurate Speech Transcription of Long-Form Audiocited by 326
15 more
  1. 2024MMAU: A Massive Multi-Task Audio Understanding and Reasoning Benchmarkcited by 288
  2. 2024AIR-Bench: Benchmarking Large Audio-Language Models via Generative Comprehensioncited by 220
  3. 2023Listen, Think, and Understandcited by 209
  4. 2023emotion2vec: Self-Supervised Pre-Training for Speech Emotion Representationcited by 205
  5. 2022Dawn of the transformer era in speech emotion recognition: closing the valence gapcited by 157
  6. 2024AudioBench: A Universal Benchmark for Audio Large Language Modelscited by 128
  7. 2023Dynamic-SUPERB: Towards A Dynamic, Collaborative, and Comprehensive Instruction-Tuning Benchmark for Speechcited by 101
  8. 2023BLSP: Bootstrapping Language-Speech Pre-training via Behavior Alignment of Continuation Writingcited by 79
  9. 2023LauraGPT: Listen, Attend, Understand, and Regenerate Audio with GPTcited by 78
  10. 2024Advancing Large Language Models to Capture Varied Speaking Styles and Respond Properly in Spoken Conversationscited by 45
  11. 2024EmoBox: Multilingual Multi-corpus Speech Emotion Recognition Toolkit and Benchmarkcited by 40
  12. 2024BLSP-Emo: Towards Empathetic Large Speech-Language Modelscited by 36
  13. 2024Frozen Large Language Models Can Perceive Paralinguistic Aspects of Speechcited by 18
  14. 2024Paralinguistics-Aware Speech-Empowered Large Language Models for Natural Conversationcited by 14
  15. 2024MERaLiON-SpeechEncoder: Towards a Speech Foundation Model for Singapore and Beyondcited by 4

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Cited by year (2026 to 14 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 2.

4 papers.

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  1. 2025Benchmarking Contextual and Paralinguistic Reasoning in Speech-LLMs: A Case Study with In-the-Wild Data
  2. 2026Aligning Paralinguistic Understanding and Generation in Speech LLMs via Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning
  3. 2023AudioChatLlama: Towards General-Purpose Speech Abilities for LLMs
  4. 2024DeSTA2: Developing Instruction-Following Speech Language Model Without Speech Instruction-Tuning Data
  5. 2024Get Large Language Models Ready to Speak: A Late-fusion Approach for Speech Generation
  6. 2026Thinking in Depth, Speaking Directly: Recurrent Latent Reasoning for Paralinguistically Grounded Spoken Dialogue
  7. 2025QualiSpeech: A Speech Quality Assessment Dataset with Natural Language Reasoning and Descriptions
  8. 2025Can Speech LLMs Think while Listening?