mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

REFINE-AF: A Task-Agnostic Framework to Align Language Models via Self-Generated Instructions using Reinforcement Learning from Automated Feedback

arXiv 2505.06548 ↗First posted 10 May 2025cs.CLcited by 1

On the map: Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs → Code and instruction data synthesis

Abstract (arXiv)

Instruction-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven effective in numerous few-shot or zero-shot Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, creating human-annotated instruction data is time-consuming, expensive, and often limited in quantity and task diversity. Previous research endeavors have attempted to address this challenge by proposing frameworks capable of generating instructions in a semi-automated and task-agnostic manner directly from the model itself. Many of these efforts have relied on large API-only parameter-based models such as GPT-3.5 (175B), which are expensive, and subject to limits on a number of queries. This paper explores the performance of three open-source small LLMs such as LLaMA 2-7B, LLama 2-13B, and Mistral 7B, using a semi-automated framework, thereby reducing human intervention, effort, and cost required to generate an instruction dataset for fine-tuning LLMs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that incorporating a Reinforcement Learning (RL) based training algorithm into this LLMs-based framework leads to further enhancements. Our evaluation of the dataset reveals that these RL-based frameworks achieve a substantial improvements in 63-66% of the tasks compared to previous approaches.

Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Code and instruction data synthesis, one of 13 directions in Synthetic data and self-improvement for LLMs. Builds on 25 of its 30 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 10 May 2025.

Builds on

25 of 30 references.

Closest ancestors · 1

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2022Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructions20 Dec

Other references · 24

  1. 2022Training language models to follow instructions with human feedbackcited by 15,971
  2. 2017Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithmscited by 15,215
  3. 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
  4. 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
  5. 2017Deep reinforcement learning from human preferencescited by 3,912
  6. 2021Finetuned Language Models Are Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 3,780
  7. 2022Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Modelscited by 3,024
  8. 2020Learning to summarize from human feedbackcited by 2,588
  9. 2021Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 1,470
  10. 2019Self-training with Noisy Student improves ImageNet classificationcited by 1,311
  11. 2022Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineerscited by 1,045
  12. 2022Super-NaturalInstructions: Generalization via Declarative Instructions on 1600+ NLP Taskscited by 868
12 more
  1. 2023OpenAssistant Conversations -- Democratizing Large Language Model Alignmentcited by 721
  2. 2021Cross-Task Generalization via Natural Language Crowdsourcing Instructionscited by 699
  3. 2022Large Language Models Can Self-Improvecited by 664
  4. 2022Towards a Unified Multi-Dimensional Evaluator for Text Generationcited by 264
  5. 2019Revisiting Self-Training for Neural Sequence Generationcited by 155
  6. 2022Instruction Induction: From Few Examples to Natural Language Task Descriptionscited by 152
  7. 2023Self-Alignment with Instruction Backtranslationcited by 151
  8. 2020Self-training Improves Pre-training for Natural Language Understandingcited by 96
  9. 2022Self-Training: A Surveycited by 86
  10. 2022Prompt Consistency for Zero-Shot Task Generalizationcited by 67
  11. 2023LongForm: Effective Instruction Tuning with Reverse Instructionscited by 47
  12. 2022Guess the Instruction! Flipped Learning Makes Language Models Stronger Zero-Shot Learnerscited by 22

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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.

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  1. 2024Self-play with Execution Feedback: Improving Instruction-following Capabilities of Large Language Models
  2. 2025Towards Alignment-Centric Paradigm: A Survey of Instruction Tuning in Large Language Models
  3. 2024TeaMs-RL: Teaching LLMs to Generate Better Instruction Datasets via Reinforcement Learning
  4. 2025Prompt-MII: Meta-Learning Instruction Induction for LLMs
  5. 2024Improving the Robustness of Large Language Models via Consistency Alignment
  6. 2026Enhancing LLM Instruction Following: An Evaluation-Driven Multi-Agentic Workflow for Prompt Instructions Optimization
  7. 2023The Wisdom of Hindsight Makes Language Models Better Instruction Followers
  8. 2025Aligning Instruction Tuning with Pre-training