OET: Optimization-based prompt injection Evaluation Toolkit
On the map: LLM safety and security → Prompt injection and agent security
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, enabling their widespread adoption across various domains. However, their susceptibility to prompt injection attacks poses significant security risks, as adversarial inputs can manipulate model behavior and override intended instructions. Despite numerous defense strategies, a standardized framework to rigorously evaluate their effectiveness, especially under adaptive adversarial scenarios, is lacking. To address this gap, we introduce OET, an optimization-based evaluation toolkit that systematically benchmarks prompt injection attacks and defenses across diverse datasets using an adaptive testing framework. Our toolkit features a modular workflow that facilitates adversarial string generation, dynamic attack execution, and comprehensive result analysis, offering a unified platform for assessing adversarial robustness. Crucially, the adaptive testing framework leverages optimization methods with both white-box and black-box access to generate worst-case adversarial examples, thereby enabling strict red-teaming evaluations. Extensive experiments underscore the limitations of current defense mechanisms, with some models remaining susceptible even after implementing security enhancements.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Prompt injection and agent security, one of 12 directions in LLM safety and security. Builds on 38 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 May 2025.
Builds on
38 of 45 references.
Closest ancestors · 14
Same direction, newest first
- 2024Defense Against Prompt Injection Attack by Leveraging Attack Techniques1 Nov
- 2024FATH: Authentication-based Test-time Defense against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks28 Oct
- 2024SecAlign: Defending Against Prompt Injection with Preference Optimization7 Oct
- 2024AgentDojo: A Dynamic Environment to Evaluate Prompt Injection Attacks and Defenses for LLM Agents19 Jun
- 2024garak: A Framework for Security Probing Large Language Models16 Jun
- 2024Get my drift? Catching LLM Task Drift with Activation Deltas2 Jun
- 2024Optimization-based Prompt Injection Attack to LLM-as-a-Judge26 Mar
- 2024Automatic and Universal Prompt Injection Attacks against Large Language Models7 Mar
- 2024HarmBench: A Standardized Evaluation Framework for Automated Red Teaming and Robust Refusal6 Feb
- 2023Jatmo: Prompt Injection Defense by Task-Specific Finetuning29 Dec
- 2023Benchmarking and Defending Against Indirect Prompt Injection Attacks on Large Language Models21 Dec
- 2023Formalizing and Benchmarking Prompt Injection Attacks and Defenses19 Oct
2 more
Other references · 24
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,942
- 2024GPT-4o System Cardcited by 4,588
- 2016SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Textcited by 4,148
- 2017TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehensioncited by 2,955
- 2023Jailbreaking Black Box Large Language Models in Twenty Queriescited by 1,420
- 2019PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answeringcited by 1,288
- 2023AutoDAN: Generating Stealthy Jailbreak Prompts on Aligned Large Language Modelscited by 785
- 2017Crowdsourcing Multiple Choice Science Questionscited by 765
- 2019Universal Adversarial Triggers for Attacking and Analyzing NLPcited by 722
- 2023Tree of Attacks: Jailbreaking Black-Box LLMs Automaticallycited by 672
- 2021FinQA: A Dataset of Numerical Reasoning over Financial Datacited by 562
12 more
- 2019On Evaluating Adversarial Robustnesscited by 447
- 2023Hard Prompts Made Easy: Gradient-Based Discrete Optimization for Prompt Tuning and Discoverycited by 336
- 2021When Does Pretraining Help? Assessing Self-Supervised Learning for Law and the CaseHOLD Datasetcited by 201
- 2023Survey of Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models Revealed by Adversarial Attackscited by 194
- 2024Robust Prompt Optimization for Defending Language Models Against Jailbreaking Attackscited by 156
- 2024Attacking Large Language Models with Projected Gradient Descentcited by 94
- 2024A Survey on Large Language Models for Critical Societal Domains: Finance, Healthcare, and Lawcited by 74
- 2024Teola: Towards End-to-End Optimization of LLM-based Applicationscited by 32
- 2024An In-Depth Investigation of Data Collection in LLM App Ecosystemscited by 14
- 2024Model Inversion Attacks: A Survey of Approaches and Countermeasurescited by 11
- 2024AQuA -- Combining Experts' and Non-Experts' Views To Assess Deliberation Quality in Online Discussions Using LLMscited by 5
- 2024PromptKeeper: Safeguarding System Prompts for LLMscited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2026: 1.
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- 2025Early Approaches to Adversarial Fine-Tuning for Prompt Injection Defense: A 2022 Study of GPT-3 and Contemporary Models
- 2025A Critical Evaluation of Defenses against Prompt Injection Attacks
- 2026When Prompt Optimization Becomes Jailbreaking: Adaptive Red-Teaming of Large Language Models
- 2025Safeguarding Efficacy in Large Language Models: Evaluating Resistance to Human-Written and Algorithmic Adversarial Prompts
- 2026AttackEval: A Systematic Empirical Study of Prompt Injection Attack Effectiveness Against Large Language Models
- 2025Prompt Injection as an Emerging Threat: Evaluating the Resilience of Large Language Models
- 2026Adversarial Reframing: A Framework for Targeted Generation in Language Models
- 2025Sampling-aware Adversarial Attacks Against Large Language Models