Local Prompt Optimization
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Abstract (arXiv)
In recent years, the use of prompts to guide the output of Large Language Models have increased dramatically. However, even the best of experts struggle to choose the correct words to stitch up a prompt for the desired task. To solve this, LLM driven prompt optimization emerged as an important problem. Existing prompt optimization methods optimize a prompt globally, where in all the prompt tokens have to be optimized over a large vocabulary while solving a complex task. The large optimization space (tokens) leads to insufficient guidance for a better prompt. In this work, we introduce Local Prompt Optimization (LPO) that integrates with any general automatic prompt engineering method. We identify the optimization tokens in a prompt and nudge the LLM to focus only on those tokens in its optimization step. We observe remarkable performance improvements on Math Reasoning (GSM8k and MultiArith) and BIG-bench Hard benchmarks across various automatic prompt engineering methods. Further, we show that LPO converges to the optimal prompt faster than global methods.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 11 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Apr 2025.
Builds on
11 of 16 references.
References · 11
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 10,109
- 2022Large Language Models are Zero-Shot Reasonerscited by 4,374
- 2022Challenging BIG-Bench Tasks and Whether Chain-of-Thought Can Solve Themcited by 1,807
- 2021Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Modelscited by 1,392
- 2021Fantastically Ordered Prompts and Where to Find Them: Overcoming Few-Shot Prompt Order Sensitivitycited by 1,135
- 2022Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineerscited by 1,045
- 2023Automatic Prompt Optimization with "Gradient Descent" and Beam Searchcited by 653
- 2016Solving General Arithmetic Word Problemscited by 360
- 2023Controlled Text Generation with Natural Language Instructionscited by 87
- 2024Prompt Design and Engineering: Introduction and Advanced Methodscited by 45
- 2024Unleashing the Potential of Large Language Models as Prompt Optimizers: Analogical Analysis with Gradient-based Model Optimizerscited by 35
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026Prompt Segmentation and Annotation Optimisation: Controlling LLM Behaviour via Optimised Segment-Level Annotationscited by 1
- 2026Two-Stage Prompt Optimization for Few-Shot Relation Extraction: From Reasoning-Guided Search to Gradient-Guided Refinementcited by 0
- 2026SEPO: Evidence-Grounded Prompt Optimization via Structural Editingcited by 0
- 2026Efficient Task Adaptation in Large Language Models: A Survey of Weight-Based, Prompt-Based, and Embedding-Based Adaptationscited by 0
- 2026Efficient Task Adaptation in Large Language Models: A Survey of Weight-Based, Prompt-Based, and Embedding-Based Adaptations1 Oct 2026
- 2026SEPO: Evidence-Grounded Prompt Optimization via Structural Editing28 Aug 2026
- 2026Two-Stage Prompt Optimization for Few-Shot Relation Extraction: From Reasoning-Guided Search to Gradient-Guided Refinement28 Jun 2026
- 2026Prompt Segmentation and Annotation Optimisation: Controlling LLM Behaviour via Optimised Segment-Level Annotations14 May 2026
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Self-Supervised Prompt Optimization
- 2024GReaTer: Gradients over Reasoning Makes Smaller Language Models Strong Prompt Optimizers
- 2026Modular Prompt Optimization: Optimizing Structured Prompts with Section-Local Textual Gradients
- 2026Error Taxonomy-Guided Prompt Optimization
- 2026Optimizing LLM Prompt Engineering with DSPy Based Declarative Learning
- 2024Efficient Prompting Methods for Large Language Models: A Survey
- 2025DLPO: Towards a Robust, Efficient, and Generalizable Prompt Optimization Framework from a Deep-Learning Perspective
- 2024LangGPT: Rethinking Structured Reusable Prompt Design Framework for LLMs from the Programming Language