HalluciNot: Hallucination Detection Through Context and Common Knowledge Verification
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper introduces a comprehensive system for detecting hallucinations in large language model (LLM) outputs in enterprise settings. We present a novel taxonomy of LLM responses specific to hallucination in enterprise applications, categorizing them into context-based, common knowledge, enterprise-specific, and innocuous statements. Our hallucination detection model HDM-2 validates LLM responses with respect to both context and generally known facts (common knowledge). It provides both hallucination scores and word-level annotations, enabling precise identification of problematic content. To evaluate it on context-based and common-knowledge hallucinations, we introduce a new dataset HDMBench. Experimental results demonstrate that HDM-2 out-performs existing approaches across RagTruth, TruthfulQA, and HDMBench datasets. This work addresses the specific challenges of enterprise deployment, including computational efficiency, domain specialization, and fine-grained error identification. Our evaluation dataset, model weights, and inference code are publicly available.
Key facts. Cited by 13 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 9 Apr 2025.
Builds on
24 of 36 references.
References · 24
- 2020Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Taskscited by 9,297
- 2018GLUE: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understandingcited by 4,899
- 2022Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedbackcited by 3,050
- 2021TruthfulQA: Measuring How Models Mimic Human Falsehoodscited by 2,975
- 2022Language Models (Mostly) Know What They Knowcited by 1,856
- 2024A Survey on LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 1,423
- 2023REPLUG: Retrieval-Augmented Black-Box Language Modelscited by 792
- 2022Teaching Models to Express Their Uncertainty in Wordscited by 751
- 2021Retrieval Augmentation Reduces Hallucination in Conversationcited by 692
- 2024LLM Evaluators Recognize and Favor Their Own Generationscited by 686
- 2023The Internal State of an LLM Knows When It's Lyingcited by 659
- 2020How Can We Know When Language Models Know? On the Calibration of Language Models for Question Answeringcited by 445
12 more
- 2023Making Retrieval-Augmented Language Models Robust to Irrelevant Contextcited by 369
- 2024Justice or Prejudice? Quantifying Biases in LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 368
- 2023RAGTruth: A Hallucination Corpus for Developing Trustworthy Retrieval-Augmented Language Modelscited by 283
- 2023FacTool: Factuality Detection in Generative AI -- A Tool Augmented Framework for Multi-Task and Multi-Domain Scenarioscited by 251
- 2022Factuality Enhanced Language Models for Open-Ended Text Generationcited by 202
- 2024Hallucination-Free? Assessing the Reliability of Leading AI Legal Research Toolscited by 176
- 2023LM vs LM: Detecting Factual Errors via Cross Examinationcited by 156
- 2024Fine-grained Hallucination Detection and Editing for Language Modelscited by 149
- 2024HaloScope: Harnessing Unlabeled LLM Generations for Hallucination Detectioncited by 99
- 2024CrossCheckGPT: Universal Hallucination Ranking for Multimodal Foundation Modelscited by 18
- 2024Hallucination Detection in LLMs: Fast and Memory-Efficient Fine-Tuned Modelscited by 15
- 2024Enhancing Hallucination Detection through Perturbation-Based Synthetic Data Generation in System Responsescited by 5
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 9.
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- 2025Large Language Models Hallucination: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 49
- 2026Hallucination Cascade: Analyzing Error Propagation in Multi-Agent LLM Systemscited by 12
- 2025CLATTER: Comprehensive Entailment Reasoning for Hallucination Detectioncited by 7
- 2026Collective Hallucination in Multi-Agent LLMs:Modeling and Defensecited by 5
- 2026PRISM: Probing Reasoning, Instruction, and Source Memory in LLM Hallucinationscited by 4
- 2025Confabulations from ACL Publications (CAP): A Dataset for Scientific Hallucination Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Measuring the Impact of Lexical Training Data Coverage on Hallucination Detection in Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026CARE-RFT: Confidence-Anchored Reinforcement Finetuning for Reliable Reasoning in Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026RAGognizer: Hallucination-Aware Fine-Tuning via Detection Head Integrationcited by 1
- 2026Chain-based Adaptive Reconfiguration Over Lattices for Hallucination Reductioncited by 1
- 2026AEScorer: An Agentic Evidence-Grounded Framework for Graded Factuality Verificationcited by 0
- 2026Graph Alignment Topology as an Inductive Bias for Grounding Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Collective Hallucination in Multi-Agent LLMs:Modeling and Defense6 Jun 2026
- 2026Hallucination Cascade: Analyzing Error Propagation in Multi-Agent LLM Systems6 Jun 2026
- 2026Chain-based Adaptive Reconfiguration Over Lattices for Hallucination Reduction26 May 2026
- 2026Empirical Analysis and Detection of Hallucinations in LLM-Generated Bug Report Summaries22 May 2026
- 2026Graph Alignment Topology as an Inductive Bias for Grounding Detection21 May 2026
- 2026PRISM: Probing Reasoning, Instruction, and Source Memory in LLM Hallucinations18 Apr 2026
- 2026RAGognizer: Hallucination-Aware Fine-Tuning via Detection Head Integration17 Apr 2026
- 2026CARE-RFT: Confidence-Anchored Reinforcement Finetuning for Reliable Reasoning in Large Language Models22 Jan 2026
- 2026AEScorer: An Agentic Evidence-Grounded Framework for Graded Factuality Verification7 Jan 2026
- 2025Measuring the Impact of Lexical Training Data Coverage on Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models22 Nov 2025
- 2025Confabulations from ACL Publications (CAP): A Dataset for Scientific Hallucination Detection25 Oct 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Hallucination: A Comprehensive Survey5 Oct 2025
1 more
- 2025Large Language Models Hallucination: A Comprehensive Surveycited by 49
- 2025Confabulations from ACL Publications (CAP): A Dataset for Scientific Hallucination Detectioncited by 2
- 2025Measuring the Impact of Lexical Training Data Coverage on Hallucination Detection in Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026Chain-based Adaptive Reconfiguration Over Lattices for Hallucination Reductioncited by 1
- 2026Graph Alignment Topology as an Inductive Bias for Grounding Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Empirical Analysis and Detection of Hallucinations in LLM-Generated Bug Report Summariescited by 0
- 2026Chain-based Adaptive Reconfiguration Over Lattices for Hallucination Reduction26 May 2026
- 2026Empirical Analysis and Detection of Hallucinations in LLM-Generated Bug Report Summaries22 May 2026
- 2026Graph Alignment Topology as an Inductive Bias for Grounding Detection21 May 2026
- 2025Measuring the Impact of Lexical Training Data Coverage on Hallucination Detection in Large Language Models22 Nov 2025
- 2025Confabulations from ACL Publications (CAP): A Dataset for Scientific Hallucination Detection25 Oct 2025
- 2025Large Language Models Hallucination: A Comprehensive Survey5 Oct 2025