Framing the Game: How Context Shapes LLM Decision-Making
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across diverse contexts to support decision-making. While existing evaluations effectively probe latent model capabilities, they often overlook the impact of context framing on perceived rational decision-making. In this study, we introduce a novel evaluation framework that systematically varies evaluation instances across key features and procedurally generates vignettes to create highly varied scenarios. By analyzing decision-making patterns across different contexts with the same underlying game structure, we uncover significant contextual variability in LLM responses. Our findings demonstrate that this variability is largely predictable yet highly sensitive to framing effects. Our results underscore the need for dynamic, context-aware evaluation methodologies for real-world deployments.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 26 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 5 Mar 2025.
Builds on
26 of 43 references.
References · 26
- 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
- 2019Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networkscited by 9,049
- 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,768
- 2016XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting Systemcited by 5,120
- 2016"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifiercited by 5,040
- 2024Qwen2.5 Technical Reportcited by 4,713
- 2023SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?cited by 3,193
- 2023GPQA: A Graduate-Level Google-Proof Q&A Benchmarkcited by 2,748
- 2024Gemma 2: Improving Open Language Models at a Practical Sizecited by 1,928
- 2022Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answeringcited by 1,881
- 2023AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Modelscited by 701
14 more
- 2024FrontierMath: A Benchmark for Evaluating Advanced Mathematical Reasoning in AIcited by 227
- 2023Playing repeated games with Large Language Modelscited by 213
- 2023Benchmarking Cognitive Biases in Large Language Models as Evaluatorscited by 147
- 2024LongWriter: Unleashing 10,000+ Word Generation from Long Context LLMscited by 142
- 2024Benchmark Data Contamination of Large Language Models: A Surveycited by 138
- 2023Investigating Data Contamination in Modern Benchmarks for Large Language Modelscited by 136
- 2024When Benchmarks are Targets: Revealing the Sensitivity of Large Language Model Leaderboardscited by 134
- 2024Cognitive Bias in Decision-Making with LLMscited by 104
- 2023DyVal: Dynamic Evaluation of Large Language Models for Reasoning Taskscited by 100
- 2024LLM as a Mastermind: A Survey of Strategic Reasoning with Large Language Modelscited by 97
- 2023Strategic Behavior of Large Language Models: Game Structure vs. Contextual Framingcited by 49
- 2023Mini-BEHAVIOR: A Procedurally Generated Benchmark for Long-horizon Decision-Making in Embodied AIcited by 23
- 2022Avalon: A Benchmark for RL Generalization Using Procedurally Generated Worldscited by 17
- 2024Towards Understanding the Robustness of LLM-based Evaluations under Perturbationscited by 10
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2026: 4.
4 papers.
- 2026Large Language Model Reasoning Failurescited by 20
- 2026To Nuke or Not to Nuke: LLMs' (Missing) Ethical Reasoning and Actions in a High-Stakes Decision-Making Simulationcited by 1
- 2026StylisticBias: A Few Human Visual Cues Drive Most Social Biases in MLLMscited by 1
- 2026Supracompetitive Pricing Under AI Monoculturecited by 0
- 2026StylisticBias: A Few Human Visual Cues Drive Most Social Biases in MLLMs18 Jun 2026
- 2026To Nuke or Not to Nuke: LLMs' (Missing) Ethical Reasoning and Actions in a High-Stakes Decision-Making Simulation6 Jun 2026
- 2026Large Language Model Reasoning Failures5 Feb 2026
- 2026Supracompetitive Pricing Under AI Monoculture3 Jan 2026