SCORE: Systematic COnsistency and Robustness Evaluation for Large Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Typical evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) report a single metric per dataset, often representing the model's best-case performance under carefully selected settings. Unfortunately, this approach overlooks model robustness and reliability in real-world applications. For instance, simple paraphrasing of prompts on the MMLU-Pro dataset causes accuracy fluctuations of up to 10%, while reordering answer choices in the AGIEval dataset results in accuracy differences of up to 6.1%. While some studies discuss issues with LLM robustness, there is no unified or centralized framework for evaluating the robustness of language models. To address this gap and consolidate existing research on model robustness, we present SCORE (Systematic COnsistency and Robustness Evaluation), a comprehensive framework for non-adversarial evaluation of LLMs. The SCORE framework evaluates models by repeatedly testing them on the same benchmarks in various setups to give a realistic estimate of their accuracy and consistency. We release the code publicly and start an LLM robustness leaderboard to facilitate further development and research.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 10 of its 18 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 28 Feb 2025.
Builds on
10 of 18 references.
References · 10
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,715
- 2020Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understandingcited by 7,963
- 2021Measuring Mathematical Problem Solving With the MATH Datasetcited by 5,371
- 2024MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmarkcited by 1,848
- 2023Quantifying Language Models' Sensitivity to Spurious Features in Prompt Design or: How I learned to start worrying about prompt formattingcited by 817
- 2023State of What Art? A Call for Multi-Prompt LLM Evaluationcited by 310
- 2023PromptRobust: Towards Evaluating the Robustness of Large Language Models on Adversarial Promptscited by 226
- 2024When Benchmarks are Targets: Revealing the Sensitivity of Large Language Model Leaderboardscited by 137
- 2024Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of LLMscited by 73
- 2024Improving the Robustness of Large Language Models via Consistency Alignmentcited by 36
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 9; 2026: 10.
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- 2025Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoningcited by 104
- 2026AgentNoiseBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Tool-Using LLM Agents Under Noisy Conditioncited by 23
- 2025Risk Analysis Techniques for Governed LLM-based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 18
- 2025Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey of Mitigation Strategies and Evaluation Metricscited by 12
- 2026Learning to Act under Noise: Enhancing Agent Robustness via Noisy Environmentscited by 6
- 2025Robustness assessment of large audio language models in multiple-choice evaluationcited by 5
- 2025Flip-Flop Consistency: Unsupervised Training for Robustness to Prompt Perturbations in LLMscited by 3
- 2025ORCA: Open-ended Response Correctness Assessment for Audio Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2025CAT: A Metric-Driven Framework for Analyzing the Consistency-Accuracy Relation of LLMs under Controlled Input Variationscited by 1
- 2026Decomposed Prompting Does Not Fix Knowledge Gaps, But Helps Models Say "I Don't Know"cited by 1
- 2026Communication Enhances LLMs' Stability in Strategic Thinkingcited by 1
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?cited by 1
7 more
- 2026Same Question, Different Answers: Evaluating LLM Reliability Beyond Accuracycited by 1
- 2025Entropy-Constrained Strategy Optimization in Urban Floods: A Multi-Agent Framework with LLM and Knowledge Graph Integrationcited by 0
- 2025PRiSM: An Agentic Multimodal Benchmark for Scientific Reasoning via Python-Grounded Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Reaction-network reasoning with frontier models for experimentally confirmed catalyst-selectivity hypothesescited by 0
- 2026Measuring and Improving Behavioral Consistency in Large Language Models through Fact-Heuristic-Emotion State Enforcementcited by 0
- 2026Measuring Stability and Failure Behavior in Language Models Under Structured Perturbationscited by 0
- 2026The Safeguard Worked. Is the LLM System Safer?cited by 0
- 2026The Safeguard Worked. Is the LLM System Safer?1 Sep 2026
- 2026Measuring Stability and Failure Behavior in Language Models Under Structured Perturbations22 Aug 2026
- 2026Reaction-network reasoning with frontier models for experimentally confirmed catalyst-selectivity hypotheses9 Jul 2026
- 2026Measuring and Improving Behavioral Consistency in Large Language Models through Fact-Heuristic-Emotion State Enforcement5 Jun 2026
- 2026Learning to Act under Noise: Enhancing Agent Robustness via Noisy Environments26 May 2026
- 2026Same Question, Different Answers: Evaluating LLM Reliability Beyond Accuracy18 May 2026
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?4 Mar 2026
- 2026AgentNoiseBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Tool-Using LLM Agents Under Noisy Condition11 Feb 2026
- 2026Communication Enhances LLMs' Stability in Strategic Thinking4 Feb 2026
- 2026Decomposed Prompting Does Not Fix Knowledge Gaps, But Helps Models Say "I Don't Know"4 Feb 2026
- 2025Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoning23 Dec 2025
- 2025PRiSM: An Agentic Multimodal Benchmark for Scientific Reasoning via Python-Grounded Evaluation5 Dec 2025
7 more
- 2025ORCA: Open-ended Response Correctness Assessment for Audio Question Answering28 Nov 2025
- 2025CAT: A Metric-Driven Framework for Analyzing the Consistency-Accuracy Relation of LLMs under Controlled Input Variations26 Nov 2025
- 2025Flip-Flop Consistency: Unsupervised Training for Robustness to Prompt Perturbations in LLMs16 Oct 2025
- 2025Robustness assessment of large audio language models in multiple-choice evaluation6 Oct 2025
- 2025Entropy-Constrained Strategy Optimization in Urban Floods: A Multi-Agent Framework with LLM and Knowledge Graph Integration20 Aug 2025
- 2025Risk Analysis Techniques for Governed LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems6 Aug 2025
- 2025Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey of Mitigation Strategies and Evaluation Metrics24 May 2025
- 2026AgentNoiseBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Tool-Using LLM Agents Under Noisy Conditioncited by 23
- 2025Risk Analysis Techniques for Governed LLM-based Multi-Agent Systemscited by 18
- 2026Learning to Act under Noise: Enhancing Agent Robustness via Noisy Environmentscited by 6
- 2025Entropy-Constrained Strategy Optimization in Urban Floods: A Multi-Agent Framework with LLM and Knowledge Graph Integrationcited by 0
- 2026Learning to Act under Noise: Enhancing Agent Robustness via Noisy Environments26 May 2026
- 2026AgentNoiseBench: Benchmarking Robustness of Tool-Using LLM Agents Under Noisy Condition11 Feb 2026
- 2025Entropy-Constrained Strategy Optimization in Urban Floods: A Multi-Agent Framework with LLM and Knowledge Graph Integration20 Aug 2025
- 2025Risk Analysis Techniques for Governed LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems6 Aug 2025
- 2025Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoningcited by 104
- 2026Communication Enhances LLMs' Stability in Strategic Thinkingcited by 1
- 2025PRiSM: An Agentic Multimodal Benchmark for Scientific Reasoning via Python-Grounded Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Communication Enhances LLMs' Stability in Strategic Thinking4 Feb 2026
- 2025Nemotron 3 Nano: Open, Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Hybrid Mamba-Transformer Model for Agentic Reasoning23 Dec 2025
- 2025PRiSM: An Agentic Multimodal Benchmark for Scientific Reasoning via Python-Grounded Evaluation5 Dec 2025
- 2025Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey of Mitigation Strategies and Evaluation Metricscited by 12
- 2025Robustness assessment of large audio language models in multiple-choice evaluationcited by 5
- 2025Flip-Flop Consistency: Unsupervised Training for Robustness to Prompt Perturbations in LLMscited by 3
- 2025ORCA: Open-ended Response Correctness Assessment for Audio Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2025CAT: A Metric-Driven Framework for Analyzing the Consistency-Accuracy Relation of LLMs under Controlled Input Variationscited by 1
- 2026Decomposed Prompting Does Not Fix Knowledge Gaps, But Helps Models Say "I Don't Know"cited by 1
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?cited by 1
- 2026Same Question, Different Answers: Evaluating LLM Reliability Beyond Accuracycited by 1
- 2026Reaction-network reasoning with frontier models for experimentally confirmed catalyst-selectivity hypothesescited by 0
- 2026Measuring and Improving Behavioral Consistency in Large Language Models through Fact-Heuristic-Emotion State Enforcementcited by 0
- 2026Measuring Stability and Failure Behavior in Language Models Under Structured Perturbationscited by 0
- 2026The Safeguard Worked. Is the LLM System Safer?cited by 0
- 2026The Safeguard Worked. Is the LLM System Safer?1 Sep 2026
- 2026Measuring Stability and Failure Behavior in Language Models Under Structured Perturbations22 Aug 2026
- 2026Reaction-network reasoning with frontier models for experimentally confirmed catalyst-selectivity hypotheses9 Jul 2026
- 2026Measuring and Improving Behavioral Consistency in Large Language Models through Fact-Heuristic-Emotion State Enforcement5 Jun 2026
- 2026Same Question, Different Answers: Evaluating LLM Reliability Beyond Accuracy18 May 2026
- 2026When Do Language Models Endorse Limitations on Human Rights Principles?4 Mar 2026
- 2026Decomposed Prompting Does Not Fix Knowledge Gaps, But Helps Models Say "I Don't Know"4 Feb 2026
- 2025ORCA: Open-ended Response Correctness Assessment for Audio Question Answering28 Nov 2025
- 2025CAT: A Metric-Driven Framework for Analyzing the Consistency-Accuracy Relation of LLMs under Controlled Input Variations26 Nov 2025
- 2025Flip-Flop Consistency: Unsupervised Training for Robustness to Prompt Perturbations in LLMs16 Oct 2025
- 2025Robustness assessment of large audio language models in multiple-choice evaluation6 Oct 2025
- 2025Robustness in Large Language Models: A Survey of Mitigation Strategies and Evaluation Metrics24 May 2025