mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

C2T: A Classifier-Based Tree Construction Method in Speculative Decoding

arXiv 2502.13652 ↗First posted 19 Feb 2025cs.CL cs.AIcited by 8

On the map: Efficient LLM inference and serving → Speculative decoding

Abstract (arXiv)

The growing scale of Large Language Models (LLMs) has exacerbated inference latency and computational costs. Speculative decoding methods, which aim to mitigate these issues, often face inefficiencies in the construction of token trees and the verification of candidate tokens. Existing strategies, including chain mode, static tree, and dynamic tree approaches, have limitations in accurately preparing candidate token trees for verification. We propose a novel method named C2T that adopts a lightweight classifier to generate and prune token trees dynamically. Our classifier considers additional feature variables beyond the commonly used joint probability to predict the confidence score for each draft token to determine whether it is the candidate token for verification. This method outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods such as EAGLE-2 on multiple benchmarks, by reducing the total number of candidate tokens by 25% while maintaining or even improving the acceptance length.

Key facts. Cited by 8 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Placed in Speculative decoding, one of 12 directions in Efficient LLM inference and serving. Builds on 21 of its 29 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 19 Feb 2025.

Builds on

21 of 29 references.

Closest ancestors · 12

Same direction, newest first

  1. 2024AdaEAGLE: Optimizing Speculative Decoding via Explicit Modeling of Adaptive Draft Structures25 Dec
  2. 2024Dynamic-Width Speculative Beam Decoding for Efficient LLM Inference25 Sep
  3. 2024Dynamic Depth Decoding: Faster Speculative Decoding for LLMs30 Aug
  4. 2024OPT-Tree: Speculative Decoding with Adaptive Draft Tree Structure25 Jun
  5. 2024EAGLE-2: Faster Inference of Language Models with Dynamic Draft Trees24 Jun
  6. 2024SpecExec: Massively Parallel Speculative Decoding for Interactive LLM Inference on Consumer Devices4 Jun
  7. 2024SpecDec++: Boosting Speculative Decoding via Adaptive Candidate Lengths30 May
  8. 2024EAGLE: Speculative Sampling Requires Rethinking Feature Uncertainty26 Jan
  9. 2024Medusa: Simple LLM Inference Acceleration Framework with Multiple Decoding Heads19 Jan
  10. 2023SpecInfer: Accelerating Generative Large Language Model Serving with Tree-based Speculative Inference and Verification16 May
  11. 2023Accelerating Large Language Model Decoding with Speculative Sampling2 Feb
  12. 2022Fast Inference from Transformers via Speculative Decoding30 Nov

Other references · 9

  1. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,199
  2. 2023GPT-4 Technical Reportcited by 18,132
  3. 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 13,958
  4. 2021Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problemscited by 9,743
  5. 2023Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arenacited by 8,393
  6. 2021Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Codecited by 8,053
  7. 2019Root Mean Square Layer Normalizationcited by 1,425
  8. 2016Abstractive Text Summarization Using Sequence-to-Sequence RNNs and Beyondcited by 809
  9. 2019Fast Transformer Decoding: One Write-Head is All You Needcited by 700

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 5.

8 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2026Verification-Aware Training for Speculative Decoding
  2. 2024Recursive Speculative Decoding: Accelerating LLM Inference via Sampling Without Replacement
  3. 2025Traversal Verification for Speculative Tree Decoding
  4. 2024DySpec: Faster Speculative Decoding with Dynamic Token Tree Structure
  5. 2025Reject Only Critical Tokens: Pivot-Aware Speculative Decoding
  6. 2026Goose: Anisotropic Speculation Trees for Training-Free Speculative Decoding
  7. 2025Speculative Decoding: Performance or Illusion?
  8. 2025Inference-Cost-Aware Dynamic Tree Construction for Efficient Inference in Large Language Models