Beyond Profile: From Surface-Level Facts to Deep Persona Simulation in LLMs
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Abstract (arXiv)
Previous approaches to persona simulation large language models (LLMs) have typically relied on learning basic biographical information, or using limited role-play dialogue datasets to capture a character's responses. However, a holistic representation of an individual goes beyond surface-level facts or conversations to deeper thoughts and thinking. In this work, we introduce CharacterBot, a model designed to replicate both the linguistic patterns and distinctive thought patterns as manifested in the textual works of a character. Using Lu Xun, a renowned Chinese writer as a case study, we propose four training tasks derived from his 17 essay collections. These include a pre-training task focused on mastering external linguistic structures and knowledge, as well as three fine-tuning tasks: multiple-choice question answering, generative question answering, and style transfer, each aligning the LLM with Lu Xun's internal ideation and writing style. To optimize learning across these tasks, we introduce a CharLoRA parameter updating mechanism, where a general linguistic style expert collaborates with other task-specific experts to better study both the language style and the understanding of deeper thoughts. We evaluate CharacterBot on three tasks for linguistic accuracy and opinion comprehension, demonstrating that it significantly outperforms the baselines on our adapted metrics. We hope this work inspires future research on deep character persona simulation LLMs while considering the importance of ethical standards.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 45 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 18 Feb 2025.
Builds on
24 of 45 references.
References · 24
- 2024The Llama 3 Herd of Modelscited by 14,192
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,084
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,878
- 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,769
- 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,355
- 2024Qwen2 Technical Reportcited by 2,076
- 2023Character-LLM: A Trainable Agent for Role-Playingcited by 335
- 2024Two Tales of Persona in LLMs: A Survey of Role-Playing and Personalizationcited by 203
- 2024CharacterEval: A Chinese Benchmark for Role-Playing Conversational Agent Evaluationcited by 139
- 2024Large Language Models are Superpositions of All Characters: Attaining Arbitrary Role-play via Self-Alignmentcited by 104
- 2024PersonaGym: Evaluating Persona Agents and LLMscited by 89
- 2025Lifelong Learning of Large Language Model based Agents: A Roadmapcited by 78
12 more
- 2024Personalized Pieces: Efficient Personalized Large Language Models through Collaborative Effortscited by 71
- 2024LoraRetriever: Input-Aware LoRA Retrieval and Composition for Mixed Tasks in the Wildcited by 68
- 2023CharacterChat: Learning towards Conversational AI with Personalized Social Supportcited by 58
- 2024Merging LoRAs like Playing LEGO: Pushing the Modularity of LoRA to Extremes Through Rank-Wise Clusteringcited by 58
- 2023ChatGPT vs Human-authored Text: Insights into Controllable Text Summarization and Sentence Style Transfercited by 49
- 2022Meet Your Favorite Character: Open-domain Chatbot Mimicking Fictional Characters with only a Few Utterancescited by 32
- 2024Hazards in Daily Life? Enabling Robots to Proactively Detect and Resolve Anomaliescited by 19
- 2024Distilling Text Style Transfer With Self-Explanation From LLMscited by 12
- 2023Towards Personalized Review Summarization by Modeling Historical Reviews from Customer and Product Separatelycited by 9
- 2024Flexible and Adaptable Summarization via Expertise Separationcited by 7
- 2024Thinking Before Speaking: A Role-playing Model with Mindsetcited by 5
- 2024BaiJia: A Large-Scale Role-Playing Agent Corpus of Chinese Historical Characterscited by 2
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 6.
9 papers.
- 2025The Personality Illusion: Revealing Dissociation Between Self-Reports & Behavior in LLMscited by 35
- 2026Your Language Model Secretly Contains Personality Subnetworkscited by 4
- 2026Beyond Static Personas: Situational Personality Steering for Large Language Modelscited by 2
- 2025When Personalization Tricks Detectors: The Feature-Inversion Trap in Machine-Generated Text Detectioncited by 1
- 2026Rethinking Psychometric Evaluation of LLMs: When and Why Self-Reports Predict Behaviorcited by 1
- 2025An Agentic AI Framework for Training General Practitioner Student Skillscited by 0
- 2026From Blueprint to Reality: Modeling and Applying Putnam's Social Capital Theory with LLM-based Multi-agent Simulationscited by 0
- 2026Auditing the Synthetic Memoir: Measuring Scene-Level Confabulation in LLM-Generated Autobiography Against the Documented Record of the Life It Describescited by 0
- 2026When Does Defendant Statement Matter? A Study of Bias and Persuasion in LLM-Simulated Jurorscited by 0
- 2026When Does Defendant Statement Matter? A Study of Bias and Persuasion in LLM-Simulated Jurors9 Sep 2026
- 2026Auditing the Synthetic Memoir: Measuring Scene-Level Confabulation in LLM-Generated Autobiography Against the Documented Record of the Life It Describes23 Aug 2026
- 2026From Blueprint to Reality: Modeling and Applying Putnam's Social Capital Theory with LLM-based Multi-agent Simulations7 Jul 2026
- 2026Rethinking Psychometric Evaluation of LLMs: When and Why Self-Reports Predict Behavior10 Jun 2026
- 2026Beyond Static Personas: Situational Personality Steering for Large Language Models15 Apr 2026
- 2026Your Language Model Secretly Contains Personality Subnetworks6 Feb 2026
- 2025An Agentic AI Framework for Training General Practitioner Student Skills20 Dec 2025
- 2025When Personalization Tricks Detectors: The Feature-Inversion Trap in Machine-Generated Text Detection14 Oct 2025
- 2025The Personality Illusion: Revealing Dissociation Between Self-Reports & Behavior in LLMs3 Sep 2025