OCR Error Post-Correction with LLMs in Historical Documents: No Free Lunches
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Abstract (arXiv)
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems often introduce errors when transcribing historical documents, leaving room for post-correction to improve text quality. This study evaluates the use of open-weight LLMs for OCR error correction in historical English and Finnish datasets. We explore various strategies, including parameter optimization, quantization, segment length effects, and text continuation methods. Our results demonstrate that while modern LLMs show promise in reducing character error rates (CER) in English, a practically useful performance for Finnish was not reached. Our findings highlight the potential and limitations of LLMs in scaling OCR post-correction for large historical corpora.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 5 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 3 Feb 2025.
Builds on
5 of 27 references.
References · 5
- 2019Optuna: A Next-generation Hyperparameter Optimization Frameworkcited by 2,455
- 2024Poro 34B and the Blessing of Multilingualitycited by 18
- 2020An Unsupervised method for OCR Post-Correction and Spelling Normalisation for Finnishcited by 9
- 2023Evaluating GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on Grammatical Error Correction for Brazilian Portuguesecited by 5
- 2024Post-OCR Text Correction for Bulgarian Historical Documentscited by 3
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 4; 2026: 6.
10 papers.
- 2025Multimodal LLMs for OCR, OCR Post-Correction, and Named Entity Recognition in Historical Documentscited by 12
- 2025Reading the unreadable: Creating a dataset of 19th century English newspapers using image-to-text language modelscited by 3
- 2025The German Commons - 154 Billion Tokens of Openly Licensed Text for German Language Modelscited by 2
- 2026Long-Tail Knowledge in Large Language Models: Taxonomy, Mechanisms, Interventions and Implicationscited by 2
- 2025Detecting Latin in Historical Books with Large Language Models: A Multimodal Benchmarkcited by 0
- 2026Quid est VERITAS? A Modular Framework for Archival Document Analysiscited by 0
- 2026The Devil is in the Details -- From OCR for Old Church Slavonic to Purely Visual Stemma Reconstructioncited by 0
- 2026ICDAR 2026 HIPE-OCRepair Competition on LLM-Assisted OCR Post-Correction for Historical Documentscited by 0
- 2026When Do VLMs Help Arabic Manuscript OCR? A Cross-Dataset Studycited by 0
- 2026Evaluating In-Context Learning and Retrieval Strategies for Devanagari Post-OCR Correctioncited by 0
- 2026Evaluating In-Context Learning and Retrieval Strategies for Devanagari Post-OCR Correction18 Sep 2026
- 2026When Do VLMs Help Arabic Manuscript OCR? A Cross-Dataset Study23 Aug 2026
- 2026ICDAR 2026 HIPE-OCRepair Competition on LLM-Assisted OCR Post-Correction for Historical Documents9 Jul 2026
- 2026The Devil is in the Details -- From OCR for Old Church Slavonic to Purely Visual Stemma Reconstruction13 Apr 2026
- 2026Quid est VERITAS? A Modular Framework for Archival Document Analysis30 Mar 2026
- 2026Long-Tail Knowledge in Large Language Models: Taxonomy, Mechanisms, Interventions and Implications18 Feb 2026
- 2025Detecting Latin in Historical Books with Large Language Models: A Multimodal Benchmark22 Oct 2025
- 2025The German Commons - 154 Billion Tokens of Openly Licensed Text for German Language Models15 Oct 2025
- 2025Multimodal LLMs for OCR, OCR Post-Correction, and Named Entity Recognition in Historical Documents1 Apr 2025
- 2025Reading the unreadable: Creating a dataset of 19th century English newspapers using image-to-text language models18 Feb 2025