Middleman Bias in Advertising: Aligning Relevance of Keyphrase Recommendations with Search
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Abstract (arXiv)
E-commerce sellers are recommended keyphrases based on their inventory on which they advertise to increase buyer engagement (clicks/sales). Keyphrases must be pertinent to items; otherwise, it can result in seller dissatisfaction and poor targeting -- towards that end relevance filters are employed. In this work, we describe the shortcomings of training relevance filter models on biased click/sales signals. We re-conceptualize advertiser keyphrase relevance as interaction between two dynamical systems -- Advertising which produces the keyphrases and Search which acts as a middleman to reach buyers. We discuss the bias of search relevance systems (middleman bias) and the need to align advertiser keyphrases with search relevance signals. We also compare the performance of cross encoders and bi-encoders in modeling this alignment and the scalability of such a solution for sellers at eBay.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 31 Jan 2025.
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 3.
3 papers.
- 2025To Judge or not to Judge: Using LLM Judgements for Advertiser Keyphrase Relevance at eBaycited by 4
- 2025LLMDistill4Ads: Using Cross-Encoders to Distill from LLM Signals for Advertiser Keyphrase Recommendations at eBaycited by 2
- 2025BroadGen: A Framework for Generating Effective and Efficient Advertiser Broad Match Keyphrase Recommendationscited by 1
- 2025LLMDistill4Ads: Using Cross-Encoders to Distill from LLM Signals for Advertiser Keyphrase Recommendations at eBay5 Aug 2025
- 2025BroadGen: A Framework for Generating Effective and Efficient Advertiser Broad Match Keyphrase Recommendations25 May 2025
- 2025To Judge or not to Judge: Using LLM Judgements for Advertiser Keyphrase Relevance at eBay7 May 2025