mlsanityData to 7 Oct 2026

STATE ToxiCN: A Benchmark for Span-level Target-Aware Toxicity Extraction in Chinese Hate Speech Detection

arXiv 2501.15451 ↗First posted 26 Jan 2025cs.CLcited by 9

Not on the map. Why?

Abstract (arXiv)

The proliferation of hate speech has caused significant harm to society. The intensity and directionality of hate are closely tied to the target and argument it is associated with. However, research on hate speech detection in Chinese has lagged behind, and existing datasets lack span-level fine-grained annotations. Furthermore, the lack of research on Chinese hateful slang poses a significant challenge. In this paper, we provide a solution for fine-grained detection of Chinese hate speech. First, we construct a dataset containing Target-Argument-Hateful-Group quadruples (STATE ToxiCN), which is the first span-level Chinese hate speech dataset. Secondly, we evaluate the span-level hate speech detection performance of existing models using STATE ToxiCN. Finally, we conduct the first study on Chinese hateful slang and evaluate the ability of LLMs to detect such expressions. Our work contributes valuable resources and insights to advance span-level hate speech detection in Chinese.

Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jan 2025.

Builds on

12 of 40 references.

References · 12

  1. 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
  2. 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
  3. 2020HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detectioncited by 403
  4. 2018Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behaviorcited by 265
  5. 2020HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in Englishcited by 206
  6. 2022COLD: A Benchmark for Chinese Offensive Language Detectioncited by 74
  7. 2016Analyzing the Targets of Hate in Online Social Mediacited by 48
  8. 2024ShieldLM: Empowering LLMs as Aligned, Customizable and Explainable Safety Detectorscited by 48
  9. 2023Facilitating Fine-grained Detection of Chinese Toxic Language: Hierarchical Taxonomy, Resources, and Benchmarkscited by 45
  10. 2021SWSR: A Chinese Dataset and Lexicon for Online Sexism Detectioncited by 42
  11. 2022Towards Identifying Social Bias in Dialog Systems: Frame, Datasets, and Benchmarkscited by 36
  12. 2024ToxiCloakCN: Evaluating Robustness of Offensive Language Detection in Chinese with Cloaking Perturbationscited by 30

Built on by

Cited by year (2026 to 7 Oct)

Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 6.

9 papers.