STATE ToxiCN: A Benchmark for Span-level Target-Aware Toxicity Extraction in Chinese Hate Speech Detection
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Abstract (arXiv)
The proliferation of hate speech has caused significant harm to society. The intensity and directionality of hate are closely tied to the target and argument it is associated with. However, research on hate speech detection in Chinese has lagged behind, and existing datasets lack span-level fine-grained annotations. Furthermore, the lack of research on Chinese hateful slang poses a significant challenge. In this paper, we provide a solution for fine-grained detection of Chinese hate speech. First, we construct a dataset containing Target-Argument-Hateful-Group quadruples (STATE ToxiCN), which is the first span-level Chinese hate speech dataset. Secondly, we evaluate the span-level hate speech detection performance of existing models using STATE ToxiCN. Finally, we conduct the first study on Chinese hateful slang and evaluate the ability of LLMs to detect such expressions. Our work contributes valuable resources and insights to advance span-level hate speech detection in Chinese.
Key facts. Cited by 9 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 12 of its 40 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jan 2025.
Builds on
12 of 40 references.
References · 12
- 2020mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformercited by 1,813
- 2017Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Languagecited by 724
- 2020HateXplain: A Benchmark Dataset for Explainable Hate Speech Detectioncited by 403
- 2018Large Scale Crowdsourcing and Characterization of Twitter Abusive Behaviorcited by 265
- 2020HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in Englishcited by 206
- 2022COLD: A Benchmark for Chinese Offensive Language Detectioncited by 74
- 2016Analyzing the Targets of Hate in Online Social Mediacited by 48
- 2024ShieldLM: Empowering LLMs as Aligned, Customizable and Explainable Safety Detectorscited by 48
- 2023Facilitating Fine-grained Detection of Chinese Toxic Language: Hierarchical Taxonomy, Resources, and Benchmarkscited by 45
- 2021SWSR: A Chinese Dataset and Lexicon for Online Sexism Detectioncited by 42
- 2022Towards Identifying Social Bias in Dialog Systems: Frame, Datasets, and Benchmarkscited by 36
- 2024ToxiCloakCN: Evaluating Robustness of Offensive Language Detection in Chinese with Cloaking Perturbationscited by 30
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 6.
9 papers.
- 2025Lost in Pronunciation: Detecting Chinese Offensive Language Disguised by Phonetic Cloaking Replacementcited by 10
- 2025System Report for CCL25-Eval Task 10: SRAG-MAV for Fine-Grained Chinese Hate Speech Recognitioncited by 2
- 2026Exploring the Capability Boundaries of LLMs in Mastering of Chinese Chouxiang Languagecited by 2
- 2026MER-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Meme Reappraisalcited by 1
- 2025System Report for CCL25-Eval Task 10: Prompt-Driven Large Language Model Merge for Fine-Grained Chinese Hate Speech Detectioncited by 0
- 2026Harder to Defend: Towards Chinese Toxicity Attacks via Implicit Enhancement and Obfuscation Rewritingcited by 0
- 2026AEGIS: Awareness-Enhanced Guidance for Iterative Safeguardcited by 0
- 2026SPAR-Hate: Auditor-Guided Multi-Perspective Role Reasoning for Bilingual Hate Speech Parsingcited by 0
- 2026Sledgehammer or Scalpel? A Fine-grained Adaptive Framework for Implicit Hate Speechcited by 0
- 2026SPAR-Hate: Auditor-Guided Multi-Perspective Role Reasoning for Bilingual Hate Speech Parsing22 Aug 2026
- 2026AEGIS: Awareness-Enhanced Guidance for Iterative Safeguard20 Jul 2026
- 2026Sledgehammer or Scalpel? A Fine-grained Adaptive Framework for Implicit Hate Speech10 Jul 2026
- 2026Harder to Defend: Towards Chinese Toxicity Attacks via Implicit Enhancement and Obfuscation Rewriting21 May 2026
- 2026Exploring the Capability Boundaries of LLMs in Mastering of Chinese Chouxiang Language17 Apr 2026
- 2026MER-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Meme Reappraisal16 Mar 2026
- 2025System Report for CCL25-Eval Task 10: Prompt-Driven Large Language Model Merge for Fine-Grained Chinese Hate Speech Detection10 Dec 2025
- 2025System Report for CCL25-Eval Task 10: SRAG-MAV for Fine-Grained Chinese Hate Speech Recognition24 Jul 2025
- 2025Lost in Pronunciation: Detecting Chinese Offensive Language Disguised by Phonetic Cloaking Replacement10 Jul 2025