Foundations of Large Language Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
This is a book about large language models. As indicated by the title, it primarily focuses on foundational concepts rather than comprehensive coverage of all cutting-edge technologies. The book is structured into six main chapters, each exploring a key area: pre-training, generative models, prompting, alignment, inference, and reasoning. It is intended for college students, professionals, and practitioners in natural language processing and related fields, and can serve as a reference for anyone interested in large language models.
Key facts. Cited by 14 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 16 Jan 2025.
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 2.
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- 2025GRAM: A Generative Foundation Reward Model for Reward Generalizationcited by 25
- 2025Large Language Models for Computer-Aided Design: A Surveycited by 18
- 2025Beyond Decoder-only: Large Language Models Can be Good Encoders for Machine Translationcited by 8
- 2025Breaking Down and Building Up: Mixture of Skill-Based Vision-and-Language Navigation Agentscited by 5
- 2026MSRL: Scaling Generative Multimodal Reward Modeling via Multi-Stage Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2025Efficiency vs. Alignment: Investigating Safety and Fairness Risks in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMscited by 4
- 2025SquarechiPO: Differentially Private and Robust chi2-Preference Optimization in Offline Direct Alignmentcited by 3
- 2025Probing Preference Representations: A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation and Analysis Method for Reward Modelscited by 3
- 2025Learning to Shop Like Humans: A Review-driven Retrieval-Augmented Recommendation Framework with LLMscited by 2
- 2025SasAgent: Multi-Agent AI System for Small-Angle Scattering Data Analysiscited by 2
- 2025Generating Privacy Stories From Software Documentationcited by 0
- 2025LSM-MS2: A Foundation Model Bridging Spectral Identification and Biological Interpretationcited by 0
- 2026LARAG: Link-Aware Retrieval Strategy for RAG Systems in Hyperlinked Technical Documentation8 May 2026
- 2026MSRL: Scaling Generative Multimodal Reward Modeling via Multi-Stage Reinforcement Learning26 Mar 2026
- 2025LLMs Can Assist with Proposal Selection at Large User Facilities11 Dec 2025
- 2025Probing Preference Representations: A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation and Analysis Method for Reward Models16 Nov 2025
- 2025Efficiency vs. Alignment: Investigating Safety and Fairness Risks in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMs1 Nov 2025
- 2025LSM-MS2: A Foundation Model Bridging Spectral Identification and Biological Interpretation30 Oct 2025
- 2025SasAgent: Multi-Agent AI System for Small-Angle Scattering Data Analysis4 Sep 2025
- 2025Learning to Shop Like Humans: A Review-driven Retrieval-Augmented Recommendation Framework with LLMs31 Aug 2025
- 2025Breaking Down and Building Up: Mixture of Skill-Based Vision-and-Language Navigation Agents11 Aug 2025
- 2025Generating Privacy Stories From Software Documentation28 Jun 2025
- 2025GRAM: A Generative Foundation Reward Model for Reward Generalization17 Jun 2025
- 2025SquarechiPO: Differentially Private and Robust chi2-Preference Optimization in Offline Direct Alignment27 May 2025
- 2025GRAM: A Generative Foundation Reward Model for Reward Generalizationcited by 25
- 2026MSRL: Scaling Generative Multimodal Reward Modeling via Multi-Stage Reinforcement Learningcited by 5
- 2025SquarechiPO: Differentially Private and Robust chi2-Preference Optimization in Offline Direct Alignmentcited by 3
- 2025Probing Preference Representations: A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation and Analysis Method for Reward Modelscited by 3
- 2026MSRL: Scaling Generative Multimodal Reward Modeling via Multi-Stage Reinforcement Learning26 Mar 2026
- 2025Probing Preference Representations: A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation and Analysis Method for Reward Models16 Nov 2025
- 2025GRAM: A Generative Foundation Reward Model for Reward Generalization17 Jun 2025
- 2025SquarechiPO: Differentially Private and Robust chi2-Preference Optimization in Offline Direct Alignment27 May 2025
- 2025Large Language Models for Computer-Aided Design: A Surveycited by 18
- 2025Efficiency vs. Alignment: Investigating Safety and Fairness Risks in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMscited by 4
- 2025Generating Privacy Stories From Software Documentationcited by 0
- 2025LSM-MS2: A Foundation Model Bridging Spectral Identification and Biological Interpretationcited by 0
- 2025LLMs Can Assist with Proposal Selection at Large User Facilitiescited by 0
- 2025LLMs Can Assist with Proposal Selection at Large User Facilities11 Dec 2025
- 2025Efficiency vs. Alignment: Investigating Safety and Fairness Risks in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of LLMs1 Nov 2025
- 2025LSM-MS2: A Foundation Model Bridging Spectral Identification and Biological Interpretation30 Oct 2025
- 2025Generating Privacy Stories From Software Documentation28 Jun 2025
- 2025Large Language Models for Computer-Aided Design: A Survey13 May 2025