Cold-Start Recommendation towards the Era of Large Language Models (LLMs): A Comprehensive Survey and Roadmap
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Abstract (arXiv)
Cold-start problem is one of the long-standing challenges in recommender systems, focusing on accurately modeling new or interaction-limited users or items to provide better recommendations. Due to the diversification of internet platforms and the exponential growth of users and items, the importance of cold-start recommendation (CSR) is becoming increasingly evident. At the same time, large language models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success and possess strong capabilities in modeling user and item information, providing new potential for cold-start recommendations. However, the research community on CSR still lacks a comprehensive review and reflection in this field. Based on this, in this paper, we stand in the context of the era of large language models and provide a comprehensive review and discussion on the roadmap, related literature, and future directions of CSR. Specifically, we have conducted an exploration of the development path of how existing CSR utilizes information, from content features, graph relations, and domain information, to the world knowledge possessed by large language models, aiming to provide new insights for both the research and industrial communities on CSR. Related resources of cold-start recommendations are collected and continuously updated for the community in https://github.com/YuanchenBei/Awesome-Cold-Start-Recommendation.
Key facts. Cited by 19 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 3 Jan 2025.
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 8; 2026: 11.
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- 2025Towards Agentic RAG with Deep Reasoning: A Survey of RAG-Reasoning Systems in LLMscited by 40
- 2026A Survey of Agent Memory in the Second Half: Towards Self-Evolving and Long-Horizon Agentscited by 40
- 2025DAST: Context-Aware Compression in LLMs via Dynamic Allocation of Soft Tokenscited by 21
- 2025PRIME: Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Dual-Memory and Personalized Thought Processcited by 16
- 2026MemoryCD: Benchmarking Long-Context User Memory of LLM Agents for Lifelong Cross-Domain Personalizationcited by 15
- 2025LLMInit: A Free Lunch from Large Language Models for Selective Initialization of Recommendationcited by 7
- 2025AdmTree: Compressing Lengthy Context with Adaptive Semantic Treescited by 7
- 2025Privacy Risks of LLM-Empowered Recommender Systems: An Inversion Attack Perspectivecited by 6
- 2025Evaluating Podcast Recommendations with Profile-Aware LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 6
- 2026Mixture of Sequence: Theme-Aware Mixture-of-Experts for Long-Sequence Recommendationcited by 4
- 2025Diffusion Models in Recommendation Systems: A Surveycited by 3
- 2026IDProxy: CTR Prediction with Multimodal LLMs for Cold-Start Recommendation at Xiaohongshucited by 2
7 more
- 2026Toward User Preference Alignment in LLM Recommendation via Explicit Context Feedbackcited by 1
- 2026Awakening Dormant Users: Generative Recommendation with Counterfactual Functional Role Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Sparse Personalized Text Generation with Multi-Trajectory Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Uncertainty-Calibrated Recommendations for Low-Active Userscited by 0
- 2026Experiments in Agentic AI for Sciencecited by 0
- 2026MERIT: Mitigating Exposure Bias in Generative XMC for User-Interest Propensity Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Explainable Recommendations at Scale: LLM Rationales for YouTube Music Artist Discoverycited by 0
- 2026Explainable Recommendations at Scale: LLM Rationales for YouTube Music Artist Discovery20 Sep 2026
- 2026MERIT: Mitigating Exposure Bias in Generative XMC for User-Interest Propensity Modeling28 Aug 2026
- 2026Toward User Preference Alignment in LLM Recommendation via Explicit Context Feedback27 May 2026
- 2026Experiments in Agentic AI for Science25 May 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-Calibrated Recommendations for Low-Active Users18 May 2026
- 2026Sparse Personalized Text Generation with Multi-Trajectory Reasoning27 Apr 2026
- 2026MemoryCD: Benchmarking Long-Context User Memory of LLM Agents for Lifelong Cross-Domain Personalization26 Mar 2026
- 2026IDProxy: CTR Prediction with Multimodal LLMs for Cold-Start Recommendation at Xiaohongshu2 Mar 2026
- 2026Mixture of Sequence: Theme-Aware Mixture-of-Experts for Long-Sequence Recommendation1 Mar 2026
- 2026Awakening Dormant Users: Generative Recommendation with Counterfactual Functional Role Reasoning13 Feb 2026
- 2026A Survey of Agent Memory in the Second Half: Towards Self-Evolving and Long-Horizon Agents14 Jan 2026
- 2025AdmTree: Compressing Lengthy Context with Adaptive Semantic Trees4 Dec 2025
7 more
- 2025Evaluating Podcast Recommendations with Profile-Aware LLM-as-a-Judge12 Aug 2025
- 2025Privacy Risks of LLM-Empowered Recommender Systems: An Inversion Attack Perspective20 Jul 2025
- 2025Towards Agentic RAG with Deep Reasoning: A Survey of RAG-Reasoning Systems in LLMs13 Jul 2025
- 2025PRIME: Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Dual-Memory and Personalized Thought Process7 Jul 2025
- 2025LLMInit: A Free Lunch from Large Language Models for Selective Initialization of Recommendation3 Mar 2025
- 2025DAST: Context-Aware Compression in LLMs via Dynamic Allocation of Soft Tokens17 Feb 2025
- 2025Diffusion Models in Recommendation Systems: A Survey17 Jan 2025
- 2025Towards Agentic RAG with Deep Reasoning: A Survey of RAG-Reasoning Systems in LLMscited by 40
- 2025PRIME: Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Dual-Memory and Personalized Thought Processcited by 16
- 2026Awakening Dormant Users: Generative Recommendation with Counterfactual Functional Role Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Sparse Personalized Text Generation with Multi-Trajectory Reasoningcited by 0
- 2026Sparse Personalized Text Generation with Multi-Trajectory Reasoning27 Apr 2026
- 2026Awakening Dormant Users: Generative Recommendation with Counterfactual Functional Role Reasoning13 Feb 2026
- 2025Towards Agentic RAG with Deep Reasoning: A Survey of RAG-Reasoning Systems in LLMs13 Jul 2025
- 2025PRIME: Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Dual-Memory and Personalized Thought Process7 Jul 2025
- 2025Diffusion Models in Recommendation Systems: A Surveycited by 3
- 2025Diffusion Models in Recommendation Systems: A Survey17 Jan 2025
- 2025DAST: Context-Aware Compression in LLMs via Dynamic Allocation of Soft Tokenscited by 21
- 2025LLMInit: A Free Lunch from Large Language Models for Selective Initialization of Recommendationcited by 7
- 2025Privacy Risks of LLM-Empowered Recommender Systems: An Inversion Attack Perspectivecited by 6
- 2025Evaluating Podcast Recommendations with Profile-Aware LLM-as-a-Judgecited by 6
- 2026IDProxy: CTR Prediction with Multimodal LLMs for Cold-Start Recommendation at Xiaohongshucited by 2
- 2026Uncertainty-Calibrated Recommendations for Low-Active Userscited by 0
- 2026MERIT: Mitigating Exposure Bias in Generative XMC for User-Interest Propensity Modelingcited by 0
- 2026Explainable Recommendations at Scale: LLM Rationales for YouTube Music Artist Discoverycited by 0
- 2026Explainable Recommendations at Scale: LLM Rationales for YouTube Music Artist Discovery20 Sep 2026
- 2026MERIT: Mitigating Exposure Bias in Generative XMC for User-Interest Propensity Modeling28 Aug 2026
- 2026Uncertainty-Calibrated Recommendations for Low-Active Users18 May 2026
- 2026IDProxy: CTR Prediction with Multimodal LLMs for Cold-Start Recommendation at Xiaohongshu2 Mar 2026
- 2025Evaluating Podcast Recommendations with Profile-Aware LLM-as-a-Judge12 Aug 2025
- 2025Privacy Risks of LLM-Empowered Recommender Systems: An Inversion Attack Perspective20 Jul 2025
- 2025LLMInit: A Free Lunch from Large Language Models for Selective Initialization of Recommendation3 Mar 2025
- 2025DAST: Context-Aware Compression in LLMs via Dynamic Allocation of Soft Tokens17 Feb 2025