AgreeMate: Teaching LLMs to Haggle
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Abstract (arXiv)
We introduce AgreeMate, a framework for training Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform strategic price negotiations through natural language. We apply recent advances to a negotiation setting where two agents (i.e. buyer or seller) use natural language to bargain on goods using coarse actions. Specifically, we present the performance of Large Language Models when used as agents within a decoupled (modular) bargaining architecture. We demonstrate that using prompt engineering, fine-tuning, and chain-of-thought prompting enhances model performance, as defined by novel metrics. We use attention probing to show model attention to semantic relationships between tokens during negotiations.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). First posted on arXiv 24 Dec 2024.
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 1; 2026: 4.
5 papers.
- 2026TERMS-Bench: Diagnosing LLM Negotiation Agents Beyond Deal Ratecited by 9
- 2026Training Language Models for Bilateral Trade with Private Informationcited by 5
- 2026PieArena: Ranking and Profiling Language Agents in Realistic Negotiation Scenarioscited by 1
- 2025State-Inference-Based Prompting for Natural Language Trading with Game NPCscited by 0
- 2026KWBench: Measuring Unprompted Problem Recognition in Knowledge Workcited by 0
- 2026TERMS-Bench: Diagnosing LLM Negotiation Agents Beyond Deal Rate13 May 2026
- 2026KWBench: Measuring Unprompted Problem Recognition in Knowledge Work17 Apr 2026
- 2026Training Language Models for Bilateral Trade with Private Information10 Apr 2026
- 2026PieArena: Ranking and Profiling Language Agents in Realistic Negotiation Scenarios5 Feb 2026
- 2025State-Inference-Based Prompting for Natural Language Trading with Game NPCs9 Jul 2025
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- 2025LLM Agents for Bargaining with Utility-based Feedback
- 2026AgenticPay: A Multi-Agent LLM Negotiation System for Buyer-Seller Transactions
- 2026Instructing LLMs to Negotiate using Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards
- 2026Do Small Language Models Learn to Negotiate? A Controlled Scaling Study of RL-Trained Sellers
- 2025The Price of Thought: A Multilingual Analysis of Reasoning, Performance, and Cost of Negotiation in Large Language Models
- 2023Improving Language Model Negotiation with Self-Play and In-Context Learning from AI Feedback
- 2026Learning to Sell: Reinforcement Learning for Strategic Large Language Model Agents in Multi-Product Markets
- 2026Strategic Bargaining in Multi-Buyer Markets: Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards for LLM Negotiations