DnDScore: Decontextualization and Decomposition for Factuality Verification in Long-Form Text Generation
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Abstract (arXiv)
The decompose-then-verify strategy for verification of Large Language Model (LLM) generations decomposes claims that are then independently verified. Decontextualization augments text (claims) to ensure it can be verified outside of the original context, enabling reliable verification. While decomposition and decontextualization have been explored independently, their interactions in a complete system have not been investigated. Their conflicting purposes can create tensions: decomposition isolates atomic facts while decontextualization inserts relevant information. Furthermore, a decontextualized subclaim presents a challenge to the verification step: what part of the augmented text should be verified as it now contains multiple atomic facts? We conduct an evaluation of different decomposition, decontextualization, and verification strategies and find that the choice of strategy matters in the resulting factuality scores. Additionally, we introduce DnDScore, a decontextualization aware verification method which validates subclaims in the context of contextual information.
Key facts. Cited by 22 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 19 of its 28 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 17 Dec 2024.
Builds on
19 of 28 references.
References · 19
- 2023FActScore: Fine-grained Atomic Evaluation of Factual Precision in Long Form Text Generationcited by 1,259
- 2022Super-NaturalInstructions: Generalization via Declarative Instructions on 1600+ NLP Taskscited by 858
- 2019ELI5: Long Form Question Answeringcited by 567
- 2024MiniCheck: Efficient Fact-Checking of LLMs on Grounding Documentscited by 251
- 2023WiCE: Real-World Entailment for Claims in Wikipediacited by 118
- 2024VERISCORE: Evaluating the factuality of verifiable claims in long-form text generationcited by 114
- 2023Complex Claim Verification with Evidence Retrieved in the Wildcited by 110
- 2021Decontextualization: Making Sentences Stand-Alonecited by 101
- 2023Factcheck-Bench: Fine-Grained Evaluation Benchmark for Automatic Fact-checkerscited by 86
- 2022Generating Literal and Implied Subquestions to Fact-check Complex Claimscited by 66
- 2023Understanding Retrieval Augmentation for Long-Form Question Answeringcited by 45
- 2024Molecular Facts: Desiderata for Decontextualization in LLM Fact Verificationcited by 42
7 more
- 2024A Closer Look at Claim Decompositioncited by 40
- 2024Decomposition Dilemmas: Does Claim Decomposition Boost or Burden Fact-Checking Performance?cited by 34
- 2024AmbigDocs: Reasoning across Documents on Different Entities under the Same Namecited by 21
- 2023Sub-Sentence Encoder: Contrastive Learning of Propositional Semantic Representationscited by 19
- 2023A Question Answering Framework for Decontextualizing User-facing Snippets from Scientific Documentscited by 15
- 2024Core: Robust Factual Precision with Informative Sub-Claim Identificationcited by 15
- 2023Concise Answers to Complex Questions: Summarization of Long-form Answerscited by 7
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 12; 2026: 10.
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- 2025Conformal Linguistic Calibration: Trading-off between Factuality and Specificitycited by 20
- 2025Towards Effective Extraction and Evaluation of Factual Claimscited by 18
- 2025WikiVideo: Article Generation from Multiple Videoscited by 13
- 2025All Claims Are Equal, but Some Claims Are More Equal Than Others: Importance-Sensitive Factuality Evaluation of LLM Generationscited by 6
- 2025MedScore: Generalizable Factuality Evaluation of Free-Form Medical Answers by Domain-adapted Claim Decomposition and Verificationcited by 5
- 2025Exploring the Generalizability of Factual Hallucination Mitigation via Enhancing Precise Knowledge Utilizationcited by 4
- 2025Coordinating Search-Informed Reasoning and Reasoning-Guided Search in Claim Verificationcited by 4
- 2025BOOST: Bootstrapping Strategy-Driven Reasoning Programs for Program-Guided Fact-Checkingcited by 3
- 2025Knowledge-Level Consistency Reinforcement Learning: Dual-Fact Alignment for Long-Form Factualitycited by 3
- 2026Distill and Align Decomposition for Enhanced Claim Verificationcited by 2
- 2026Granuscore: A Reference-Free Measure of Granularity for Text Analysis and Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2025Seeing Through the MiRAGE: Evaluating Multimodal Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 1
10 more
- 2026The Deliberative Illusion: Diagnosing Factual Attrition and Stance Homogenization in Multi-Agent LLM Deliberationcited by 1
- 2025Direct Preference Optimization for Adaptive Concept-based Explanationscited by 0
- 2025How Grounded is Wikipedia? A Study on Structured Evidential Support and Retrievalcited by 0
- 2026The Warrant Gap: Claim-Conditioned Re-scoring for Fact-Checkingcited by 0
- 2026TriQua: Reconciling Granularity and Context in Factuality Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Information Satisfaction: A Reader-Centered Axis for Summarization Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Cross-lingual Biography Enrichment via Claim Extraction and Alignmentcited by 0
- 2026ElementCheck: Complexity-Aware Long-Form Text Factuality Evaluation via Sentence Elementscited by 0
- 2026Validating FKG.in: Soundness Assessment in LLM-Augmented Indian Food Knowledgecited by 0
- 2026MultiVENT-Raw: A Benchmark for Retrieval and Reasoning over Raw Videoscited by 0
- 2026MultiVENT-Raw: A Benchmark for Retrieval and Reasoning over Raw Videos23 Sep 2026
- 2026Validating FKG.in: Soundness Assessment in LLM-Augmented Indian Food Knowledge29 Aug 2026
- 2026Cross-lingual Biography Enrichment via Claim Extraction and Alignment24 Aug 2026
- 2026Information Satisfaction: A Reader-Centered Axis for Summarization Evaluation14 Aug 2026
- 2026TriQua: Reconciling Granularity and Context in Factuality Evaluation5 Aug 2026
- 2026The Warrant Gap: Claim-Conditioned Re-scoring for Fact-Checking23 Jun 2026
- 2026ElementCheck: Complexity-Aware Long-Form Text Factuality Evaluation via Sentence Elements17 Jun 2026
- 2026The Deliberative Illusion: Diagnosing Factual Attrition and Stance Homogenization in Multi-Agent LLM Deliberation2 Jun 2026
- 2026Granuscore: A Reference-Free Measure of Granularity for Text Analysis and Question Answering26 May 2026
- 2026Distill and Align Decomposition for Enhanced Claim Verification25 Feb 2026
- 2025Seeing Through the MiRAGE: Evaluating Multimodal Retrieval Augmented Generation28 Oct 2025
- 2025All Claims Are Equal, but Some Claims Are More Equal Than Others: Importance-Sensitive Factuality Evaluation of LLM Generations8 Oct 2025
10 more
- 2025Knowledge-Level Consistency Reinforcement Learning: Dual-Fact Alignment for Long-Form Factuality28 Sep 2025
- 2025How Grounded is Wikipedia? A Study on Structured Evidential Support and Retrieval14 Jun 2025
- 2025Coordinating Search-Informed Reasoning and Reasoning-Guided Search in Claim Verification9 Jun 2025
- 2025MedScore: Generalizable Factuality Evaluation of Free-Form Medical Answers by Domain-adapted Claim Decomposition and Verification24 May 2025
- 2025Direct Preference Optimization for Adaptive Concept-based Explanations21 May 2025
- 2025BOOST: Bootstrapping Strategy-Driven Reasoning Programs for Program-Guided Fact-Checking3 Apr 2025
- 2025WikiVideo: Article Generation from Multiple Videos1 Apr 2025
- 2025Exploring the Generalizability of Factual Hallucination Mitigation via Enhancing Precise Knowledge Utilization26 Feb 2025
- 2025Conformal Linguistic Calibration: Trading-off between Factuality and Specificity26 Feb 2025
- 2025Towards Effective Extraction and Evaluation of Factual Claims15 Feb 2025
- 2025Conformal Linguistic Calibration: Trading-off between Factuality and Specificitycited by 20
- 2025Towards Effective Extraction and Evaluation of Factual Claimscited by 18
- 2025All Claims Are Equal, but Some Claims Are More Equal Than Others: Importance-Sensitive Factuality Evaluation of LLM Generationscited by 6
- 2025MedScore: Generalizable Factuality Evaluation of Free-Form Medical Answers by Domain-adapted Claim Decomposition and Verificationcited by 5
- 2025Exploring the Generalizability of Factual Hallucination Mitigation via Enhancing Precise Knowledge Utilizationcited by 4
- 2025Coordinating Search-Informed Reasoning and Reasoning-Guided Search in Claim Verificationcited by 4
- 2026Distill and Align Decomposition for Enhanced Claim Verificationcited by 2
- 2026Granuscore: A Reference-Free Measure of Granularity for Text Analysis and Question Answeringcited by 2
- 2025How Grounded is Wikipedia? A Study on Structured Evidential Support and Retrievalcited by 0
- 2026The Warrant Gap: Claim-Conditioned Re-scoring for Fact-Checkingcited by 0
- 2026TriQua: Reconciling Granularity and Context in Factuality Evaluationcited by 0
- 2026Information Satisfaction: A Reader-Centered Axis for Summarization Evaluationcited by 0
12 most cited of 16 All 16 (JSON)
- 2026MultiVENT-Raw: A Benchmark for Retrieval and Reasoning over Raw Videos23 Sep 2026
- 2026Validating FKG.in: Soundness Assessment in LLM-Augmented Indian Food Knowledge29 Aug 2026
- 2026Cross-lingual Biography Enrichment via Claim Extraction and Alignment24 Aug 2026
- 2026Information Satisfaction: A Reader-Centered Axis for Summarization Evaluation14 Aug 2026
- 2026TriQua: Reconciling Granularity and Context in Factuality Evaluation5 Aug 2026
- 2026The Warrant Gap: Claim-Conditioned Re-scoring for Fact-Checking23 Jun 2026
- 2026ElementCheck: Complexity-Aware Long-Form Text Factuality Evaluation via Sentence Elements17 Jun 2026
- 2026Granuscore: A Reference-Free Measure of Granularity for Text Analysis and Question Answering26 May 2026
- 2026Distill and Align Decomposition for Enhanced Claim Verification25 Feb 2026
- 2025All Claims Are Equal, but Some Claims Are More Equal Than Others: Importance-Sensitive Factuality Evaluation of LLM Generations8 Oct 2025
- 2025How Grounded is Wikipedia? A Study on Structured Evidential Support and Retrieval14 Jun 2025
- 2025Coordinating Search-Informed Reasoning and Reasoning-Guided Search in Claim Verification9 Jun 2025
12 newest of 16 All 16 (JSON)