Evaluating Consistencies in LLM responses through a Semantic Clustering of Question Answering
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Abstract (arXiv)
In the realm of Large Language Model (LLM) functionalities, providing reliable information is paramount, yet reports suggest that LLM outputs lack consistency. This inconsistency, often at-tributed to randomness in token sampling, under-mines user trust as it leads to varying responses even for identical queries. In this paper, we present a new approach for evaluating semantic consistencies of LLM including comparison of alternative tech-niques. Our approach evaluates whether LLM re-sponses are semantically congruent for a given question, recognizing that as syntactically different sentences may convey the same meaning. Here-tofore, To enhance LLM consistency, two main approaches have been explored: Leverage external knowledge as context like the RAG pattern or use Zero-shot-CoT to improve performance of LLM itself. We apply our evaluation approach to these techniques, and demonstrate to compare the im-pact of these methods on LLM response con-sistency across different domains of question an-swering tasks. Using the TruthfulQA dataset to assess LLM responses, the study induces N re-sponses per question from the LLM and clusters semantically equivalent sentences to measure semantic consistency across 37 categories. Through this, it quantitatively analyzes the effectiveness of the aforementioned methods in improving LLM performance before and after their adoption.
Key facts. Cited by 1 paper in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 15 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Oct 2024.
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13 of 15 references.
References · 13
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- 2022Measuring Reliability of Large Language Models through Semantic Consistencycited by 38
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- 2023Consistency Analysis of ChatGPTcited by 37
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- 2026Same Question, Different Answers: Evaluating LLM Reliability Beyond Accuracy
- 2025Collective Reasoning Among LLMs: A Framework for Answer Validation Without Ground Truth
- 2026Rethinking Faithfulness in LLMs: A Pairwise Context-Sensitive Perspective
- 2022Unpacking Large Language Models with Conceptual Consistency
- 2024Compound-QA: A Benchmark for Evaluating LLMs on Compound Questions
- 2025Representation Consistency for Accurate and Coherent LLM Answer Aggregation
- 2023ToolQA: A Dataset for LLM Question Answering with External Tools
- 2025Trained on Tokens, Calibrated on Concepts: The Emergence of Semantic Calibration in LLMs