PerTok: Expressive Encoding and Modeling of Symbolic Musical Ideas and Variations

We introduce Cadenza, a new multi-stage generative framework for predicting expressive variations of symbolic musical ideas as well as unconditional generations. To accomplish this we propose a novel MIDI encoding method, PerTok (Performance Tokenizer) that captures minute expressive details whilst reducing sequence length up to 59% and vocabulary size up to 95% for polyphonic, monophonic and rhythmic tasks. The proposed framework comprises of two sequential stages: 1) Composer and 2) Performer. The Composer model is a transformer-based Variational Autoencoder (VAE), with Rotary Positional Embeddings (RoPE)ROPE and an autoregressive decoder modified to more effectively integrate the latent codes of the input musical idea. The Performer model is a bidirectional transformer encoder that is separately trained to predict velocities and microtimings on MIDI sequences. Objective and human evaluations demonstrate Cadenza's versatile capability in 1) matching other unconditional state-of-the-art symbolic models in musical quality whilst sounding more expressive, and 2) composing new, expressive ideas that are both stylistically related to the input whilst providing novel ideas to the user. Our framework is designed, researched and implemented with the objective of ethically providing inspiration for musicians.