Utilizing TTS Synthesized Data for Efficient Development of Keyword Spotting Model
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Abstract (arXiv)
This paper explores the use of TTS synthesized training data for KWS (keyword spotting) task while minimizing development cost and time. Keyword spotting models require a huge amount of training data to be accurate, and obtaining such training data can be costly. In the current state of the art, TTS models can generate large amounts of natural-sounding data, which can help reducing cost and time for KWS model development. Still, TTS generated data can be lacking diversity compared to real data. To pursue maximizing KWS model accuracy under the constraint of limited resources and current TTS capability, we explored various strategies to mix TTS data and real human speech data, with a focus on minimizing real data use and maximizing diversity of TTS output. Our experimental results indicate that relatively small amounts of real audio data with speaker diversity (100 speakers, 2k utterances) and large amounts of TTS synthesized data can achieve reasonably high accuracy (within 3x error rate of baseline), compared to the baseline (trained with 3.8M real positive utterances).
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 14 of its 27 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 26 Jul 2024.
Builds on
14 of 27 references.
References · 14
- 2022AudioLM: a Language Modeling Approach to Audio Generationcited by 611
- 2018Streaming End-to-end Speech Recognition For Mobile Devicescited by 230
- 2023Speak, Read and Prompt: High-Fidelity Text-to-Speech with Minimal Supervisioncited by 167
- 2019Speech Recognition with Augmented Synthesized Speechcited by 60
- 2018End-to-End Streaming Keyword Spottingcited by 25
- 2020Training Keyword Spotters with Limited and Synthesized Speech Datacited by 20
- 2017Streaming Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting using Sequence-to-Sequence Modelscited by 19
- 2017A Cascade Architecture for Keyword Spotting on Mobile Devicescited by 15
- 2022Virtuoso: Massive Multilingual Speech-Text Joint Semi-Supervised Learning for Text-To-Speechcited by 15
- 2020Learning To Detect Keyword Parts And Whole By Smoothed Max Poolingcited by 10
- 2017Efficient Implementation of the Room Simulator for Training Deep Neural Network Acoustic Modelscited by 9
- 2023Text is All You Need: Personalizing ASR Models using Controllable Speech Synthesiscited by 9
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 1; 2025: 2; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
- 2024Enhancing Low-Resource ASR through Versatile TTS: Bridging the Data Gapcited by 11
- 2025Generative Data Augmentation Challenge: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis for Personalized Speech Enhancementcited by 3
- 2025GraphemeAug: A Systematic Approach to Synthesized Hard Negative Keyword Spotting Examplescited by 0
- 2026Semantics-Aware Generative Latent Data Augmentation for Learning in Low-Resource Domainscited by 0
- 2026Semantics-Aware Generative Latent Data Augmentation for Learning in Low-Resource Domains2 Feb 2026
- 2025GraphemeAug: A Systematic Approach to Synthesized Hard Negative Keyword Spotting Examples20 May 2025
- 2025Generative Data Augmentation Challenge: Zero-Shot Speech Synthesis for Personalized Speech Enhancement23 Jan 2025
- 2024Enhancing Low-Resource ASR through Versatile TTS: Bridging the Data Gap22 Oct 2024