ToxVidLM: A Multimodal Framework for Toxicity Detection in Code-Mixed Videos
Not on the map. Why?
Abstract (arXiv)
In an era of rapidly evolving internet technology, the surge in multimodal content, including videos, has expanded the horizons of online communication. However, the detection of toxic content in this diverse landscape, particularly in low-resource code-mixed languages, remains a critical challenge. While substantial research has addressed toxic content detection in textual data, the realm of video content, especially in non-English languages, has been relatively underexplored. This paper addresses this research gap by introducing a benchmark dataset, the first of its kind, consisting of 931 videos with 4021 code-mixed Hindi-English utterances collected from YouTube. Each utterance within this dataset has been meticulously annotated for toxicity, severity, and sentiment labels. We have developed an advanced Multimodal Multitask framework built for Toxicity detection in Video Content by leveraging Language Models (LMs), crafted for the primary objective along with the additional tasks of conducting sentiment and severity analysis. ToxVidLM incorporates three key modules - the Encoder module, Cross-Modal Synchronization module, and Multitask module - crafting a generic multimodal LM customized for intricate video classification tasks. Our experiments reveal that incorporating multiple modalities from the videos substantially enhances the performance of toxic content detection by achieving an Accuracy and Weighted F1 score of 94.29% and 94.35%, respectively.
Key facts. Cited by 10 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 43 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 31 May 2024.
Builds on
22 of 43 references.
References · 22
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2014Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimizationcited by 37,240
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
- 2023Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Modelscited by 13,028
- 2016SGDR: Stochastic Gradient Descent with Warm Restartscited by 5,045
- 2022Robust Speech Recognition via Large-Scale Weak Supervisioncited by 4,057
- 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,418
- 2019Towards VQA Models That Can Readcited by 1,718
- 2021Is Space-Time Attention All You Need for Video Understanding?cited by 1,620
- 2022VideoMAE: Masked Autoencoders are Data-Efficient Learners for Self-Supervised Video Pre-Trainingcited by 1,322
- 2020The Hateful Memes Challenge: Detecting Hate Speech in Multimodal Memescited by 490
- 2023Scaling Speech Technology to 1,000+ Languagescited by 411
10 more
- 2019Exploring Hate Speech Detection in Multimodal Publicationscited by 103
- 2020Contextualizing Hate Speech Classifiers with Post-hoc Explanationcited by 84
- 2023CLIPSyntel: CLIP and LLM Synergy for Multimodal Question Summarization in Healthcarecited by 43
- 2023HateMM: A Multi-Modal Dataset for Hate Video Classificationcited by 42
- 2018A Unified Deep Learning Architecture for Abuse Detectioncited by 37
- 2022L3Cube-HingCorpus and HingBERT: A Code Mixed Hindi-English Dataset and BERT Language Modelscited by 34
- 2022Data Bootstrapping Approaches to Improve Low Resource Abusive Language Detection for Indic Languagescited by 23
- 2024MedSumm: A Multimodal Approach to Summarizing Code-Mixed Hindi-English Clinical Queriescited by 19
- 2022Emotion Based Hate Speech Detection using Multimodal Learningcited by 18
- 2024Meme-ingful Analysis: Enhanced Understanding of Cyberbullying in Memes Through Multimodal Explanationscited by 13
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 6; 2026: 2.
10 papers.
- 2025Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLMcited by 9
- 2024Just KIDDIN: Knowledge Infusion and Distillation for Detection of INdecent Memescited by 8
- 2025MM-HSD: Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detection in Videoscited by 5
- 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalitiescited by 5
- 2025RAVEN++: Pinpointing Fine-Grained Violations in Advertisement Videos with Active Reinforcement Reasoningcited by 4
- 2025UNITYAI-GUARD: Pioneering Toxicity Detection Across Low-Resource Indian Languagescited by 3
- 2025Toxicity in Online Platforms and AI Systems: A Survey of Needs, Challenges, Mitigations, and Future Directionscited by 3
- 2024Towards Patronizing and Condescending Language in Chinese Videos: A Multimodal Dataset and Detectorcited by 2
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Frameworkcited by 0
- 2026ARGUS: Policy-Adaptive Ad Governance via Evolving Reinforcement with Adversarial Umpiringcited by 0
- 2026ARGUS: Policy-Adaptive Ad Governance via Evolving Reinforcement with Adversarial Umpiring4 May 2026
- 2026Unveiling Covert Toxicity in Multimodal Data via Toxicity Association Graphs: A Graph-Based Metric and Interpretable Detection Framework3 Feb 2026
- 2025RAVEN++: Pinpointing Fine-Grained Violations in Advertisement Videos with Active Reinforcement Reasoning24 Nov 2025
- 2025Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey of Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalities8 Oct 2025
- 2025Toxicity in Online Platforms and AI Systems: A Survey of Needs, Challenges, Mitigations, and Future Directions29 Sep 2025
- 2025MM-HSD: Multi-Modal Hate Speech Detection in Videos28 Aug 2025
- 2025Guardians and Offenders: A Survey on Harmful Content Generation and Safety Mitigation of LLM7 Aug 2025
- 2025UNITYAI-GUARD: Pioneering Toxicity Detection Across Low-Resource Indian Languages29 Mar 2025
- 2024Just KIDDIN: Knowledge Infusion and Distillation for Detection of INdecent Memes19 Nov 2024
- 2024Towards Patronizing and Condescending Language in Chinese Videos: A Multimodal Dataset and Detector8 Sep 2024