Bidirectional Multi-Scale Implicit Neural Representations for Image Deraining
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Abstract (arXiv)
How to effectively explore multi-scale representations of rain streaks is important for image deraining. In contrast to existing Transformer-based methods that depend mostly on single-scale rain appearance, we develop an end-to-end multi-scale Transformer that leverages the potentially useful features in various scales to facilitate high-quality image reconstruction. To better explore the common degradation representations from spatially-varying rain streaks, we incorporate intra-scale implicit neural representations based on pixel coordinates with the degraded inputs in a closed-loop design, enabling the learned features to facilitate rain removal and improve the robustness of the model in complex scenarios. To ensure richer collaborative representation from different scales, we embed a simple yet effective inter-scale bidirectional feedback operation into our multi-scale Transformer by performing coarse-to-fine and fine-to-coarse information communication. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach, named as NeRD-Rain, performs favorably against the state-of-the-art ones on both synthetic and real-world benchmark datasets. The source code and trained models are available at https://github.com/cschenxiang/NeRD-Rain.
Key facts. Cited by 54 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 47 of its 65 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 2 Apr 2024.
Builds on
47 of 65 references.
References · 47
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- 2021Mip-NeRF: A Multiscale Representation for Anti-Aliasing Neural Radiance Fieldscited by 1,957
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- 2020Pre-Trained Image Processing Transformercited by 891
- 2021Uformer: A General U-Shaped Transformer for Image Restorationcited by 864
- 2021Multi-Stage Progressive Image Restorationcited by 813
- 2021CrossViT: Cross-Attention Multi-Scale Vision Transformer for Image Classificationcited by 806
- 2020Learning Continuous Image Representation with Local Implicit Image Functioncited by 550
35 more
- 2020Local Implicit Grid Representations for 3D Scenescited by 372
- 2016Deep Joint Rain Detection and Removal from a Single Imagecited by 351
- 2018Scale-recurrent Network for Deep Image Deblurringcited by 332
- 2021Rethinking Coarse-to-Fine Approach in Single Image Deblurringcited by 324
- 2022MAXIM: Multi-Axis MLP for Image Processingcited by 301
- 2019Progressive Image Deraining Networks: A Better and Simpler Baselinecited by 271
- 2020Multi-Scale Progressive Fusion Network for Single Image Derainingcited by 259
- 2021NeRV: Neural Representations for Videoscited by 255
- 2018Density-aware Single Image De-raining using a Multi-stream Dense Networkcited by 248
- 2018Recurrent Squeeze-and-Excitation Context Aggregation Net for Single Image Derainingcited by 205
- 2020Focal Frequency Loss for Image Reconstruction and Synthesiscited by 204
- 2023Learning A Sparse Transformer Network for Effective Image Derainingcited by 204
- 2019Spatial Attentive Single-Image Deraining with a High Quality Real Rain Datasetcited by 192
- 2021Implicit Neural Representations for Image Compressioncited by 161
- 2021Local Texture Estimator for Implicit Representation Functioncited by 126
- 2020A Model-driven Deep Neural Network for Single Image Rain Removalcited by 125
- 2023Implicit Neural Representation for Cooperative Low-light Image Enhancementcited by 92
- 2021Intriguing Findings of Frequency Selection for Image Deblurringcited by 80
- 2018Lightweight Pyramid Networks for Image Derainingcited by 64
- 2021Structure-Preserving Deraining with Residue Channel Prior Guidancecited by 63
- 2021Unpaired Deep Image Deraining Using Dual Contrastive Learningcited by 60
- 2023Cascaded Local Implicit Transformer for Arbitrary-Scale Super-Resolutioncited by 51
- 2023FFCV: Accelerating Training by Removing Data Bottleneckscited by 49
- 2023Scale-Aware Modulation Meet Transformercited by 49
- 2022Signal Processing for Implicit Neural Representationscited by 46
- 2023Sparse Sampling Transformer with Uncertainty-Driven Ranking for Unified Removal of Raindrops and Rain Streakscited by 45
- 2023From Sky to the Ground: A Large-scale Benchmark and Simple Baseline Towards Real Rain Removalcited by 39
- 2023Towards Unified Deep Image Deraining: A Survey and A New Benchmarkcited by 34
- 2021Joint Implicit Image Function for Guided Depth Super-Resolutioncited by 31
- 2022MSSNet: Multi-Scale-Stage Network for Single Image Deblurringcited by 31
- 2022Not Just Streaks: Towards Ground Truth for Single Image Derainingcited by 31
- 2023SHACIRA: Scalable HAsh-grid Compression for Implicit Neural Representationscited by 31
- 2020Rethinking Image Deraining via Rain Streaks and Vaporscited by 24
- 2021Neural Image Representations for Multi-Image Fusion and Layer Separationcited by 18
- 2022Zero-shot Blind Image Denoising via Implicit Neural Representationscited by 12
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 8; 2025: 32; 2026: 14.
54 papers.
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- 2025From Zero to Detail: Deconstructing Ultra-High-Definition Image Restoration from Progressive Spectral Perspectivecited by 22
- 2025NTIRE 2025 Challenge on Day and Night Raindrop Removal for Dual-Focused Images: Methods and Resultscited by 22
- 2025WeatherBench: A Real-World Benchmark Dataset for All-in-One Adverse Weather Image Restorationcited by 20
- 2024DeRainGS: Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Scene Reconstruction in Rainy Environmentscited by 19
- 2024Learning A Spiking Neural Network for Efficient Image Derainingcited by 16
- 2025Channel Consistency Prior and Self-Reconstruction Strategy Based Unsupervised Image Derainingcited by 11
- 2025NTIRE 2025 Challenge on RAW Image Restoration and Super-Resolutioncited by 9
- 2024Re-boosting Self-Collaboration Parallel Prompt GAN for Unsupervised Image Restorationcited by 7
- 2025DSwinIR: Rethinking Window-based Attention for Image Restorationcited by 7
- 2024A Hybrid Transformer-Mamba Network for Single Image Derainingcited by 6
- 2025Beyond Degradation Redundancy: Contrastive Prompt Learning for All-in-One Image Restorationcited by 6
- 2025M2Restore: Mixture-of-Experts-based Mamba-CNN Fusion Framework for All-in-One Image Restorationcited by 6
38 more
- 2026Scan Clusters, Not Pixels: A Cluster-Centric Paradigm for Efficient Ultra-high-definition Image Restorationcited by 6
- 2024EVOS: Efficient Implicit Neural Training via EVOlutionary Selectorcited by 5
- 2025Rethinking Nighttime Image Deraining via Learnable Color Space Transformationcited by 5
- 2025Continuous Representation Methods, Theories, and Applications: An Overview and Perspectivescited by 4
- 2025Rethinking Rainy 3D Scene Reconstruction via Perspective Transforming and Brightness Tuningcited by 4
- 2025Seeing Through the Rain: Resolving High-Frequency Conflicts in Deraining and Super-Resolution via Diffusion Guidancecited by 4
- 2025DPMambaIR: All-in-One Image Restoration via Degradation-Aware Prompt State Space Modelcited by 3
- 2025Global Modeling Matters: A Fast, Lightweight and Effective Baseline for Efficient Image Restorationcited by 3
- 2025SmokeBench: A Real-World Dataset for Surveillance Image Desmoking in Early-Stage Fire Scenescited by 3
- 2025Zero-Shot Video Deraining with Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2026Combined Flicker-banding and Moire Removal for Screen-Captured Imagescited by 2
- 2026UniRain: Unified Image Deraining with RAG-based Dataset Distillation and Multi-objective Reweighted Optimizationcited by 2
- 2026OPERA: An Agent for Image Restoration with End-to-End Joint Planning-Execution Optimizationcited by 2
- 2024Dual-Path Multi-Scale Transformer for High-Quality Image Derainingcited by 1
- 2025Learning Dual-Domain Multi-Scale Representations for Single Image Derainingcited by 1
- 2025Cross Paradigm Representation and Alignment Transformer for Image Derainingcited by 1
- 2025CLIP-driven rain perception: Adaptive deraining with pattern-aware network routing and mask-guided cross-attentioncited by 1
- 2025Small Lesions-aware Bidirectional Multimodal Multiscale Fusion Network for Lung Disease Classificationcited by 1
- 2025WeatherCycle: Unpaired Multi-Weather Restoration via Color Space Decoupled Cycle Learningcited by 1
- 2025PRISM: Progressive Rain removal with Integrated State-space Modelingcited by 1
- 2025UHDRes: Ultra-High-Definition Image Restoration via Dual-Domain Decoupled Spectral Modulationcited by 1
- 2025SD-PSFNet: Sequential and Dynamic Point Spread Function Network for Image Derainingcited by 1
- 2026Unpaired Image Deraining Using Reward-Guided Self-Reinforcement Strategycited by 1
- 2024MDeRainNet: An Efficient Macro-pixel Image Rain Removal Networkcited by 0
- 2024Leveraging Scene Geometry and Depth Information for Robust Image Derainingcited by 0
- 2025Optimization of Module Transferability in Single Image Super-Resolution: Universality Assessment and Cycle Residual Blockscited by 0
- 2025Image Restoration via Multi-domain Learningcited by 0
- 2025MetaScope: Optics-Driven Neural Network for Ultra-Micro Metalens Endoscopycited by 0
- 2025NDLPNet: A Location-Aware Nighttime Deraining Network and a Real-World Benchmark Datasetcited by 0
- 2025MdaIF: Robust One-Stop Multi-Degradation-Aware Image Fusion with Language-Driven Semanticscited by 0
- 2025Learning Implicit Neural Degradation Representation for Unpaired Image Dehazingcited by 0
- 2025Semantics and Content Matter: Towards Multi-Prior Hierarchical Mamba for Image Derainingcited by 0
- 2025DeepRFTv2: Kernel-level Learning for Image Deblurringcited by 0
- 2026Parameter-Minimal Neural DE Solvers via Horner Polynomialscited by 0
- 2026HG-Lane: High-Fidelity Generation of Lane Scenes under Adverse Weather and Lighting Conditions without Re-annotationcited by 0
- 2026Derain-Agent: A Plug-and-Play Agent Framework for Rainy Image Restorationcited by 0
- 2026Cross-Scenario Deraining Adaptation with Unpaired Data: Superpixel Structural Priors and Multi-Stage Pseudo-Rain Synthesiscited by 0
- 2026DDTNet: Degradation Disentanglement and Transfer Network for Test-Time All-in-One De-weathering Adaptationcited by 0
50 most cited of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2026FluidRain: Incompressible Rain Flow as an Attention Bias for Loop-in-Loop Video Deraining24 Sep 2026
- 2026TTTIR: Unlocking Instance-Specific State Evolution via Test-Time Training for Image Restoration15 Sep 2026
- 2026CURE: Controllable Unified Image Restoration for Complex Degradations3 Jul 2026
- 2026DVANet: Degradation-aware Visual-prior Alignment Network for Image Restoration17 Jun 2026
- 2026DDTNet: Degradation Disentanglement and Transfer Network for Test-Time All-in-One De-weathering Adaptation15 Jun 2026
- 2026OPERA: An Agent for Image Restoration with End-to-End Joint Planning-Execution Optimization21 May 2026
- 2026Unpaired Image Deraining Using Reward-Guided Self-Reinforcement Strategy1 May 2026
- 2026Cross-Scenario Deraining Adaptation with Unpaired Data: Superpixel Structural Priors and Multi-Stage Pseudo-Rain Synthesis23 Mar 2026
- 2026Derain-Agent: A Plug-and-Play Agent Framework for Rainy Image Restoration12 Mar 2026
- 2026HG-Lane: High-Fidelity Generation of Lane Scenes under Adverse Weather and Lighting Conditions without Re-annotation10 Mar 2026
- 2026UniRain: Unified Image Deraining with RAG-based Dataset Distillation and Multi-objective Reweighted Optimization4 Mar 2026
- 2026Scan Clusters, Not Pixels: A Cluster-Centric Paradigm for Efficient Ultra-high-definition Image Restoration25 Feb 2026
38 more
- 2026Parameter-Minimal Neural DE Solvers via Horner Polynomials16 Feb 2026
- 2026Combined Flicker-banding and Moire Removal for Screen-Captured Images2 Feb 2026
- 2025DeepRFTv2: Kernel-level Learning for Image Deblurring26 Nov 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Video Deraining with Video Diffusion Models23 Nov 2025
- 2025SD-PSFNet: Sequential and Dynamic Point Spread Function Network for Image Deraining22 Nov 2025
- 2025Semantics and Content Matter: Towards Multi-Prior Hierarchical Mamba for Image Deraining17 Nov 2025
- 2025Learning Implicit Neural Degradation Representation for Unpaired Image Dehazing17 Nov 2025
- 2025MdaIF: Robust One-Stop Multi-Degradation-Aware Image Fusion with Language-Driven Semantics16 Nov 2025
- 2025Seeing Through the Rain: Resolving High-Frequency Conflicts in Deraining and Super-Resolution via Diffusion Guidance16 Nov 2025
- 2025Rethinking Rainy 3D Scene Reconstruction via Perspective Transforming and Brightness Tuning10 Nov 2025
- 2025UHDRes: Ultra-High-Definition Image Restoration via Dual-Domain Decoupled Spectral Modulation7 Nov 2025
- 2025Rethinking Nighttime Image Deraining via Learnable Color Space Transformation20 Oct 2025
- 2025PRISM: Progressive Rain removal with Integrated State-space Modeling30 Sep 2025
- 2025WeatherCycle: Unpaired Multi-Weather Restoration via Color Space Decoupled Cycle Learning27 Sep 2025
- 2025NDLPNet: A Location-Aware Nighttime Deraining Network and a Real-World Benchmark Dataset17 Sep 2025
- 2025SmokeBench: A Real-World Dataset for Surveillance Image Desmoking in Early-Stage Fire Scenes16 Sep 2025
- 2025WeatherBench: A Real-World Benchmark Dataset for All-in-One Adverse Weather Image Restoration15 Sep 2025
- 2025Small Lesions-aware Bidirectional Multimodal Multiscale Fusion Network for Lung Disease Classification6 Aug 2025
- 2025MetaScope: Optics-Driven Neural Network for Ultra-Micro Metalens Endoscopy5 Aug 2025
- 2025Global Modeling Matters: A Fast, Lightweight and Effective Baseline for Efficient Image Restoration18 Jul 2025
- 2025M2Restore: Mixture-of-Experts-based Mamba-CNN Fusion Framework for All-in-One Image Restoration9 Jun 2025
- 2025NTIRE 2025 Challenge on RAW Image Restoration and Super-Resolution2 Jun 2025
- 2025CLIP-driven rain perception: Adaptive deraining with pattern-aware network routing and mask-guided cross-attention2 Jun 2025
- 2025Continuous Representation Methods, Theories, and Applications: An Overview and Perspectives21 May 2025
- 2025Image Restoration via Multi-domain Learning7 May 2025
- 2025Optimization of Module Transferability in Single Image Super-Resolution: Universality Assessment and Cycle Residual Blocks6 May 2025
- 2025DPMambaIR: All-in-One Image Restoration via Degradation-Aware Prompt State Space Model24 Apr 2025
- 2025Cross Paradigm Representation and Alignment Transformer for Image Deraining23 Apr 2025
- 2025NTIRE 2025 Challenge on Day and Night Raindrop Removal for Dual-Focused Images: Methods and Results17 Apr 2025
- 2025Beyond Degradation Redundancy: Contrastive Prompt Learning for All-in-One Image Restoration14 Apr 2025
- 2025DSwinIR: Rethinking Window-based Attention for Image Restoration7 Apr 2025
- 2025Channel Consistency Prior and Self-Reconstruction Strategy Based Unsupervised Image Deraining24 Mar 2025
- 2025From Zero to Detail: Deconstructing Ultra-High-Definition Image Restoration from Progressive Spectral Perspective17 Mar 2025
- 2025Learning Dual-Domain Multi-Scale Representations for Single Image Deraining15 Mar 2025
- 2024Leveraging Scene Geometry and Depth Information for Robust Image Deraining27 Dec 2024
- 2024EVOS: Efficient Implicit Neural Training via EVOlutionary Selector13 Dec 2024
- 2024A Hybrid Transformer-Mamba Network for Single Image Deraining31 Aug 2024
- 2024DeRainGS: Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Scene Reconstruction in Rainy Environments21 Aug 2024
50 newest of 54 All 54 (JSON)
- 2025M2Restore: Mixture-of-Experts-based Mamba-CNN Fusion Framework for All-in-One Image Restorationcited by 6
- 2026UniRain: Unified Image Deraining with RAG-based Dataset Distillation and Multi-objective Reweighted Optimizationcited by 2
- 2025MdaIF: Robust One-Stop Multi-Degradation-Aware Image Fusion with Language-Driven Semanticscited by 0
- 2026UniRain: Unified Image Deraining with RAG-based Dataset Distillation and Multi-objective Reweighted Optimization4 Mar 2026
- 2025MdaIF: Robust One-Stop Multi-Degradation-Aware Image Fusion with Language-Driven Semantics16 Nov 2025
- 2025M2Restore: Mixture-of-Experts-based Mamba-CNN Fusion Framework for All-in-One Image Restoration9 Jun 2025
- 2025Zero-Shot Video Deraining with Video Diffusion Modelscited by 2
- 2025Zero-Shot Video Deraining with Video Diffusion Models23 Nov 2025
- 2025From Zero to Detail: Deconstructing Ultra-High-Definition Image Restoration from Progressive Spectral Perspectivecited by 22
- 2025NTIRE 2025 Challenge on Day and Night Raindrop Removal for Dual-Focused Images: Methods and Resultscited by 22
- 2025WeatherBench: A Real-World Benchmark Dataset for All-in-One Adverse Weather Image Restorationcited by 20
- 2024DeRainGS: Gaussian Splatting for Enhanced Scene Reconstruction in Rainy Environmentscited by 19
- 2024Learning A Spiking Neural Network for Efficient Image Derainingcited by 16
- 2025Channel Consistency Prior and Self-Reconstruction Strategy Based Unsupervised Image Derainingcited by 11
- 2025NTIRE 2025 Challenge on RAW Image Restoration and Super-Resolutioncited by 9
- 2024Re-boosting Self-Collaboration Parallel Prompt GAN for Unsupervised Image Restorationcited by 7
- 2025DSwinIR: Rethinking Window-based Attention for Image Restorationcited by 7
- 2025Beyond Degradation Redundancy: Contrastive Prompt Learning for All-in-One Image Restorationcited by 6
- 2026Scan Clusters, Not Pixels: A Cluster-Centric Paradigm for Efficient Ultra-high-definition Image Restorationcited by 6
- 2024EVOS: Efficient Implicit Neural Training via EVOlutionary Selectorcited by 5
12 most cited of 48 All 48 (JSON)
- 2026FluidRain: Incompressible Rain Flow as an Attention Bias for Loop-in-Loop Video Deraining24 Sep 2026
- 2026TTTIR: Unlocking Instance-Specific State Evolution via Test-Time Training for Image Restoration15 Sep 2026
- 2026CURE: Controllable Unified Image Restoration for Complex Degradations3 Jul 2026
- 2026DVANet: Degradation-aware Visual-prior Alignment Network for Image Restoration17 Jun 2026
- 2026DDTNet: Degradation Disentanglement and Transfer Network for Test-Time All-in-One De-weathering Adaptation15 Jun 2026
- 2026OPERA: An Agent for Image Restoration with End-to-End Joint Planning-Execution Optimization21 May 2026
- 2026Unpaired Image Deraining Using Reward-Guided Self-Reinforcement Strategy1 May 2026
- 2026Cross-Scenario Deraining Adaptation with Unpaired Data: Superpixel Structural Priors and Multi-Stage Pseudo-Rain Synthesis23 Mar 2026
- 2026Derain-Agent: A Plug-and-Play Agent Framework for Rainy Image Restoration12 Mar 2026
- 2026HG-Lane: High-Fidelity Generation of Lane Scenes under Adverse Weather and Lighting Conditions without Re-annotation10 Mar 2026
- 2026Scan Clusters, Not Pixels: A Cluster-Centric Paradigm for Efficient Ultra-high-definition Image Restoration25 Feb 2026
- 2026Parameter-Minimal Neural DE Solvers via Horner Polynomials16 Feb 2026
12 newest of 48 All 48 (JSON)