AFLoRA: Adaptive Freezing of Low Rank Adaptation in Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
We present a novel Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) method, dubbed as Adaptive Freezing of Low Rank Adaptation (AFLoRA). Specifically, for each pre-trained frozen weight tensor, we add a parallel path of trainable low-rank matrices, namely a down-projection and an up-projection matrix, each of which is followed by a feature transformation vector. Based on a novel freezing score, we the incrementally freeze these projection matrices during fine-tuning to reduce the computation and alleviate over-fitting. Our experimental results demonstrate that we can achieve state-of-the-art performance with an average improvement of up to 0.85% as evaluated on GLUE benchmark while yeilding up to 9.5× fewer average trainable parameters. While compared in terms of runtime, AFLoRA can yield up to 1.86× improvement as opposed to similar PEFT alternatives. Besides the practical utility of our approach, we provide insights on the trainability requirements of LoRA paths at different modules and the freezing schedule for the different projection matrices. Code will be released.
Key facts. Cited by 15 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 17 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Mar 2024.
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References · 13
- 2018BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understandingcited by 40,399
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
- 2019BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehensioncited by 5,893
- 2021Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generationcited by 3,915
- 2021The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuningcited by 3,795
- 2020DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attentioncited by 2,181
- 2015Learning both Weights and Connections for Efficient Neural Networkscited by 2,031
- 2019Importance Estimation for Neural Network Pruningcited by 541
- 2024GEAR: An Efficient KV Cache Compression Recipe for Near-Lossless Generative Inference of LLMcited by 158
- 2021On the Effectiveness of Adapter-based Tuning for Pretrained Language Model Adaptationcited by 147
- 2023LoSparse: Structured Compression of Large Language Models based on Low-Rank and Sparse Approximationcited by 104
- 2020A Tunable Robust Pruning Framework Through Dynamic Network Rewiring of DNNscited by 37
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 6; 2025: 6; 2026: 3.
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- 2024A Survey on LoRA of Large Language Modelscited by 67
- 2024Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning in Large Models: A Survey of Methodologiescited by 47
- 2024LaMDA: Large Model Fine-Tuning via Spectrally Decomposed Low-Dimensional Adaptationcited by 16
- 2024NoRA: Nested Low-Rank Adaptation for Efficient Fine-Tuning Large Modelscited by 13
- 2024Flexora: Flexible Low Rank Adaptation for Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025UORA: Uniform Orthogonal Reinitialization Adaptation in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Modelscited by 11
- 2025SSH: Sparse Spectrum Adaptation via Discrete Hartley Transformationcited by 7
- 2024BiDoRA: Bi-level Optimization-Based Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 4
- 2025Restoring Pruned Large Language Models via Lost Component Compensationcited by 3
- 2025DeCAF: Decentralized Consensus-And-Factorization for Low-Rank Adaptation of Foundation Modelscited by 2
- 2025Exploring and Reshaping the Weight Distribution in LLMcited by 0
- 2025GradES: Significantly Faster Training in Transformers with Gradient-Based Early Stoppingcited by 0
- 2026kappa-LoRA: Condition Numbers Reveal Which LoRA Matrices Worth Updating24 Jul 2026
- 2026Compress Then Adapt? No, Do It Together via Task-aware Union of Subspaces4 May 2026
- 2026EPAS: Efficient Training with Progressive Activation Sharing27 Jan 2026
- 2025Restoring Pruned Large Language Models via Lost Component Compensation22 Oct 2025
- 2025GradES: Significantly Faster Training in Transformers with Gradient-Based Early Stopping1 Sep 2025
- 2025Exploring and Reshaping the Weight Distribution in LLM24 Aug 2025
- 2025DeCAF: Decentralized Consensus-And-Factorization for Low-Rank Adaptation of Foundation Models27 May 2025
- 2025UORA: Uniform Orthogonal Reinitialization Adaptation in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Models26 May 2025
- 2025SSH: Sparse Spectrum Adaptation via Discrete Hartley Transformation8 Feb 2025
- 2024Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning in Large Models: A Survey of Methodologies24 Oct 2024
- 2024BiDoRA: Bi-level Optimization-Based Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptation13 Oct 2024
- 2024Flexora: Flexible Low Rank Adaptation for Large Language Models20 Aug 2024
3 more
- 2024A Survey on LoRA of Large Language Modelscited by 67
- 2024Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning in Large Models: A Survey of Methodologiescited by 47
- 2024LaMDA: Large Model Fine-Tuning via Spectrally Decomposed Low-Dimensional Adaptationcited by 16
- 2024NoRA: Nested Low-Rank Adaptation for Efficient Fine-Tuning Large Modelscited by 13
- 2024Flexora: Flexible Low Rank Adaptation for Large Language Modelscited by 13
- 2025UORA: Uniform Orthogonal Reinitialization Adaptation in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Modelscited by 11
- 2025SSH: Sparse Spectrum Adaptation via Discrete Hartley Transformationcited by 7
- 2024BiDoRA: Bi-level Optimization-Based Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptationcited by 4
- 2025Restoring Pruned Large Language Models via Lost Component Compensationcited by 3
- 2025Exploring and Reshaping the Weight Distribution in LLMcited by 0
- 2025GradES: Significantly Faster Training in Transformers with Gradient-Based Early Stoppingcited by 0
- 2026EPAS: Efficient Training with Progressive Activation Sharingcited by 0
12 most cited of 14 All 14 (JSON)
- 2026kappa-LoRA: Condition Numbers Reveal Which LoRA Matrices Worth Updating24 Jul 2026
- 2026Compress Then Adapt? No, Do It Together via Task-aware Union of Subspaces4 May 2026
- 2026EPAS: Efficient Training with Progressive Activation Sharing27 Jan 2026
- 2025Restoring Pruned Large Language Models via Lost Component Compensation22 Oct 2025
- 2025GradES: Significantly Faster Training in Transformers with Gradient-Based Early Stopping1 Sep 2025
- 2025Exploring and Reshaping the Weight Distribution in LLM24 Aug 2025
- 2025UORA: Uniform Orthogonal Reinitialization Adaptation in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning of Large Models26 May 2025
- 2025SSH: Sparse Spectrum Adaptation via Discrete Hartley Transformation8 Feb 2025
- 2024Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning in Large Models: A Survey of Methodologies24 Oct 2024
- 2024BiDoRA: Bi-level Optimization-Based Weight-Decomposed Low-Rank Adaptation13 Oct 2024
- 2024Flexora: Flexible Low Rank Adaptation for Large Language Models20 Aug 2024
- 2024NoRA: Nested Low-Rank Adaptation for Efficient Fine-Tuning Large Models18 Aug 2024
12 newest of 14 All 14 (JSON)