Self-Consistent Decoding for More Factual Open Responses
On the map: LLM reasoning → Test-time compute and efficient thinking
Abstract (arXiv)
Self-consistency has emerged as a powerful method for improving the accuracy of short answers generated by large language models. As previously defined, it only concerns the accuracy of a final answer parsed from generated text. In this work, we extend the idea to open response generation, by integrating voting into the decoding method. Each output sentence is selected from among multiple samples, conditioning on the previous selections, based on a simple token overlap score. We compare this "Sample & Select" method to greedy decoding, beam search, nucleus sampling, and the recently introduced hallucination avoiding decoders of DoLA, P-CRR, and S-CRR. We show that Sample & Select improves factuality by a 30% relative margin against these decoders in NLI-based evaluation on the subsets of CNN/DM and XSum used in the FRANK benchmark, while maintaining comparable ROUGE-1 F1 scores against reference summaries. We collect human verifications of the generated summaries, confirming the factual superiority of our method.
Key facts. Cited by 3 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Placed in Test-time compute and efficient thinking, one of 17 directions in LLM reasoning. Builds on 12 of its 19 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 1 Mar 2024.
Builds on
12 of 19 references.
References · 12
- 2022Self-Consistency Improves Chain of Thought Reasoning in Language Modelscited by 5,708
- 2019The Curious Case of Neural Text Degenerationcited by 2,916
- 2018Don't Give Me the Details, Just the Summary! Topic-Aware Convolutional Neural Networks for Extreme Summarizationcited by 1,317
- 2015Teaching Machines to Read and Comprehendcited by 1,049
- 2019Adversarial NLI: A New Benchmark for Natural Language Understandingcited by 807
- 2020SummEval: Re-evaluating Summarization Evaluationcited by 674
- 2019Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Abstractive Text Summarizationcited by 584
- 2021SummaC: Re-Visiting NLI-based Models for Inconsistency Detection in Summarizationcited by 407
- 2023Trusting Your Evidence: Hallucinate Less with Context-aware Decodingcited by 327
- 2021Understanding Factuality in Abstractive Summarization with FRANK: A Benchmark for Factuality Metricscited by 287
- 2021QAFactEval: Improved QA-Based Factual Consistency Evaluation for Summarizationcited by 236
- 2023Sequence-Level Certainty Reduces Hallucination In Knowledge-Grounded Dialogue Generationcited by 5
Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 0; 2026: 1.
3 papers.
Similar, not cited
Close in wording, no citation either way
- 2025Latent Self-Consistency for Reliable Majority-Set Selection in Short- and Long-Answer Reasoning
- 2024Integrate the Essence and Eliminate the Dross: Fine-Grained Self-Consistency for Free-Form Language Generation
- 2024Mirror-Consistency: Harnessing Inconsistency in Majority Voting
- 2026Boosting Self-Consistency with Ranking
- 2023Universal Self-Consistency for Large Language Model Generation
- 2025Judge Decoding: Faster Speculative Sampling Requires Going Beyond Model Alignment
- 2026The First Token Knows: Single-Decode Confidence for Hallucination Detection
- 2024When is the consistent prediction likely to be a correct prediction?