Misalignment, Learning, and Ranking: Harnessing Users Limited Attention

In digital health and EdTech, recommendation systems face a significant challenge: users often choose impulsively, in ways that conflict with the platform's long-term payoffs. This misalignment makes it difficult to effectively learn to rank items, as it may hinder exploration of items with greater long-term payoffs. Our paper tackles this issue by utilizing users' limited attention spans. We propose a model where a platform presents items with unknown payoffs to the platform in a ranked list to T users over time. Each user selects an item by first considering a prefix window of these ranked items and then picking the highest preferred item in that window (and the platform observes its payoff for this item). We study the design of online bandit algorithms that obtain vanishing regret against hindsight optimal benchmarks. We first consider adversarial window sizes and stochastic iid payoffs. We design an active-elimination-based algorithm that achieves an optimal instance-dependent regret bound of O(log(T)), by showing matching regret upper and lower bounds. The key idea is using the combinatorial structure of the problem to either obtain a large payoff from each item or to explore by getting a sample from that item. This method systematically narrows down the item choices to enhance learning efficiency and payoff. Second, we consider adversarial payoffs and stochastic iid window sizes. We start from the full-information problem of finding the permutation that maximizes the expected payoff. By a novel combinatorial argument, we characterize the polytope of admissible item selection probabilities by a permutation and show it has a polynomial-size representation. Using this representation, we show how standard algorithms for adversarial online linear optimization in the space of admissible probabilities can be used to obtain a polynomial-time algorithm with O(√T) regret.