KAUCUS: Knowledge Augmented User Simulators for Training Language Model Assistants
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Abstract (arXiv)
An effective multi-turn instruction-following assistant can be developed by creating a simulator that can generate useful interaction data. Apart from relying on its intrinsic weights, an ideal user simulator should also be able to bootstrap external knowledge rapidly in its raw form to simulate the multifarious diversity of text available over the internet. Previous user simulators generally lacked diversity, were mostly closed domain, and necessitated rigid schema making them inefficient to rapidly scale to incorporate external knowledge. In this regard, we introduce, Kaucus, a Knowledge-Augmented User Simulator framework, to outline a process of creating diverse user simulators, that can seamlessly exploit external knowledge as well as benefit downstream assistant model training. Through two GPT-J based simulators viz., a Retrieval Augmented Simulator and a Summary Controlled Simulator we generate diverse simulator-assistant interactions. Through reward and preference model-based evaluations, we find that these interactions serve as useful training data and create more helpful downstream assistants. We also find that incorporating knowledge through retrieval augmentation or summary control helps create better assistants.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 38 of its 61 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 29 Jan 2024.
Builds on
38 of 61 references.
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26 more
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Built on by
Citing papers per year: 2025: 2; 2026: 2.
4 papers.
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulationcited by 18
- 2025SAGE: A Top-Down Bottom-Up Knowledge-Grounded User Simulator for Multi-turn AGent Evaluationcited by 6
- 2025To Retrieve or Not to Retrieve? Uncertainty Detection for Dynamic Retrieval Augmented Generationcited by 3
- 2026KnowSim: Evaluating Information Calibration in LLM Assistants with User Simulators that Learncited by 1
- 2026KnowSim: Evaluating Information Calibration in LLM Assistants with User Simulators that Learn17 Aug 2026
- 2026A Survey on LLM-based Conversational User Simulation27 Apr 2026
- 2025SAGE: A Top-Down Bottom-Up Knowledge-Grounded User Simulator for Multi-turn AGent Evaluation13 Oct 2025
- 2025To Retrieve or Not to Retrieve? Uncertainty Detection for Dynamic Retrieval Augmented Generation16 Jan 2025
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