Toward Robust Multimodal Learning using Multimodal Foundational Models
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Abstract (arXiv)
Existing multimodal sentiment analysis tasks are highly rely on the assumption that the training and test sets are complete multimodal data, while this assumption can be difficult to hold: the multimodal data are often incomplete in real-world scenarios. Therefore, a robust multimodal model in scenarios with randomly missing modalities is highly preferred. Recently, CLIP-based multimodal foundational models have demonstrated impressive performance on numerous multimodal tasks by learning the aligned cross-modal semantics of image and text pairs, but the multimodal foundational models are also unable to directly address scenarios involving modality absence. To alleviate this issue, we propose a simple and effective framework, namely TRML, Toward Robust Multimodal Learning using Multimodal Foundational Models. TRML employs generated virtual modalities to replace missing modalities, and aligns the semantic spaces between the generated and missing modalities. Concretely, we design a missing modality inference module to generate virtual modaliites and replace missing modalities. We also design a semantic matching learning module to align semantic spaces generated and missing modalities. Under the prompt of complete modality, our model captures the semantics of missing modalities by leveraging the aligned cross-modal semantic space. Experiments demonstrate the superiority of our approach on three multimodal sentiment analysis benchmark datasets, CMU-MOSI, CMU-MOSEI, and MELD.
Key facts. Cited by 4 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 24 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 20 Jan 2024.
Builds on
24 of 36 references.
References · 24
- 2021Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervisioncited by 33,456
- 2023BLIP-2: Bootstrapping Language-Image Pre-training with Frozen Image Encoders and Large Language Modelscited by 6,069
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- 2019Multimodal Transformer for Unaligned Multimodal Language Sequencescited by 637
- 2018MELD: A Multimodal Multi-Party Dataset for Emotion Recognition in Conversationscited by 636
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- 2018Efficient Low-rank Multimodal Fusion with Modality-Specific Factorscited by 268
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- 2014Unifying Visual-Semantic Embeddings with Multimodal Neural Language Modelscited by 197
12 more
- 2016MOSI: Multimodal Corpus of Sentiment Intensity and Subjectivity Analysis in Online Opinion Videoscited by 193
- 2021General Facial Representation Learning in a Visual-Linguistic Mannercited by 193
- 2022Are Multimodal Transformers Robust to Missing Modality?cited by 183
- 2021Learning Modality-Specific Representations with Self-Supervised Multi-Task Learning for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 179
- 2018Learning Factorized Multimodal Representationscited by 171
- 2018Memory Fusion Network for Multi-view Sequential Learningcited by 167
- 2023Prompt, Generate, then Cache: Cascade of Foundation Models makes Strong Few-shot Learnerscited by 152
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- 2021Improving Multimodal Fusion with Hierarchical Mutual Information Maximization for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 130
- 2023Multimodal Prompting with Missing Modalities for Visual Recognitioncited by 121
- 2020TransModality: An End2End Fusion Method with Transformer for Multimodal Sentiment Analysiscited by 40
- 2022MM-Align: Learning Optimal Transport-based Alignment Dynamics for Fast and Accurate Inference on Missing Modality Sequencescited by 8
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 2; 2025: 1; 2026: 1.
4 papers.
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- 2025PreFM: Online Audio-Visual Event Parsing via Predictive Future Modelingcited by 4
- 2024Enhancing Multimodal Sentiment Analysis for Missing Modality through Self-Distillation and Unified Modality Cross-Attentioncited by 2
- 2026EEGBind: Detecting Source-Level Interictal Epileptiform Discharges via EEG-Centric Multimodal Bindingcited by 0
- 2026EEGBind: Detecting Source-Level Interictal Epileptiform Discharges via EEG-Centric Multimodal Binding9 Sep 2026
- 2025PreFM: Online Audio-Visual Event Parsing via Predictive Future Modeling29 May 2025
- 2024Enhancing Multimodal Sentiment Analysis for Missing Modality through Self-Distillation and Unified Modality Cross-Attention19 Oct 2024
- 2024Survey on Large Language Model-Enhanced Reinforcement Learning: Concept, Taxonomy, and Methods30 Mar 2024