Hierarchical Source-to-Post-Route QoR Prediction in High-Level Synthesis with GNNs
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Abstract (arXiv)
High-level synthesis (HLS) notably speeds up the hardware design process by avoiding RTL programming. However, the turnaround time of HLS increases significantly when post-route quality of results (QoR) are considered during optimization. To tackle this issue, we propose a hierarchical post-route QoR prediction approach for FPGA HLS, which features: (1) a modeling flow that directly estimates latency and post-route resource usage from C/C++ programs; (2) a graph construction method that effectively represents the control and data flow graph of source code and effects of HLS pragmas; and (3) a hierarchical GNN training and prediction method capable of capturing the impact of loop hierarchies. Experimental results show that our method presents a prediction error of less than 10% for different types of QoR metrics, which gains tremendous improvement compared with the state-of-the-art GNN methods. By adopting our proposed methodology, the runtime for design space exploration in HLS is shortened to tens of minutes and the achieved ADRS is reduced to 6.91% on average.
Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 7 Oct 2026). Builds on 7 of its 16 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 14 Jan 2024.
Builds on
7 of 16 references.
References · 7
- 2016Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networkscited by 11,282
- 2017Graph Attention Networkscited by 8,854
- 2017Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphscited by 6,284
- 2020Masked Label Prediction: Unified Message Passing Model for Semi-Supervised Classificationcited by 500
- 2020Principal Neighbourhood Aggregation for Graph Netscited by 477
- 2022High-Level Synthesis Performance Prediction using GNNs: Benchmarking, Modeling, and Advancingcited by 25
- 2019Pyramid: Machine Learning Framework to Estimate the Optimal Timing and Resource Usage of a High-Level Synthesis Designcited by 17
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Citing papers per year: 2025: 3; 2026: 2.
5 papers.
- 2025ForgeHLS: A Large-Scale, Open-Source Dataset for High-Level Synthesiscited by 1
- 2025Iceberg: Enhancing HLS Modeling with Synthetic Datacited by 1
- 2026MPM-LLM4DSE: Reaching the Pareto Frontier in HLS with Multimodal Learning and LLM-Driven Explorationcited by 1
- 2025DAPO: Design Structure-Aware Pass Ordering in High-Level Synthesis with Graph Contrastive and Reinforcement Learningcited by 0
- 2026DiffHLS: Differential Learning for High-Level Synthesis QoR Prediction with GNNs and LLM Code Embeddingscited by 0
- 2026DiffHLS: Differential Learning for High-Level Synthesis QoR Prediction with GNNs and LLM Code Embeddings10 Apr 2026
- 2026MPM-LLM4DSE: Reaching the Pareto Frontier in HLS with Multimodal Learning and LLM-Driven Exploration8 Jan 2026
- 2025DAPO: Design Structure-Aware Pass Ordering in High-Level Synthesis with Graph Contrastive and Reinforcement Learning12 Dec 2025
- 2025Iceberg: Enhancing HLS Modeling with Synthetic Data14 Jul 2025
- 2025ForgeHLS: A Large-Scale, Open-Source Dataset for High-Level Synthesis4 Jul 2025