mlsanityData to 14 Oct 2026

See the Unseen: Better Context-Consistent Knowledge-Editing by Noises

arXiv 2401.07544 ↗First posted 15 Jan 2024cs.CLcited by 5

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Abstract (arXiv)

Knowledge-editing updates knowledge of large language models (LLMs) and contributes to the interpretability and application of LLMs. However, knowledge applying is context-consistent: LLMs can recall the same knowledge in different contexts. Existing works ignore this property and the editing lacks generalization. In this paper, we empirically find that the effects of different contexts upon LLMs in recalling the same knowledge follow a Gaussian-like distribution. We then sample Gaussian noises to simulate the effects of different contexts when updating LLMs. By such, we can make LLMs see the unseen contexts where the edited knowledge will be applied, therefore improving the editing generalization. Experimental results on three LLMs demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods and also distinguish our methods from the others of fine-tuning LLMs by noises.

Key facts. Cited by 5 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 22 of its 36 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Jan 2024.

Builds on

22 of 36 references.

References · 22

  1. 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
  2. 2020Language Models are Few-Shot Learnerscited by 32,419
  3. 2022Locating and Editing Factual Associations in GPTcited by 2,691
  4. 2023Sparse Autoencoders Find Highly Interpretable Features in Language Modelscited by 1,420
  5. 2020Transformer Feed-Forward Layers Are Key-Value Memoriescited by 1,336
  6. 2022Mass-Editing Memory in a Transformercited by 1,001
  7. 2019How Can We Know What Language Models Know?cited by 959
  8. 2021Editing Factual Knowledge in Language Modelscited by 553
  9. 2022Precise Zero-Shot Dense Retrieval without Relevance Labelscited by 517
  10. 2022Memory-Based Model Editing at Scalecited by 447
  11. 2017Zero-Shot Relation Extraction via Reading Comprehensioncited by 426
  12. 2023Editing Large Language Models: Problems, Methods, and Opportunitiescited by 372
10 more
  1. 2023MQuAKE: Assessing Knowledge Editing in Language Models via Multi-Hop Questionscited by 300
  2. 2021Mind the Gap: Assessing Temporal Generalization in Neural Language Modelscited by 230
  3. 2020How Context Affects Language Models' Factual Predictionscited by 181
  4. 2023PMET: Precise Model Editing in a Transformercited by 173
  5. 2020Editable Neural Networkscited by 155
  6. 2023NEFTune: Noisy Embeddings Improve Instruction Finetuningcited by 100
  7. 2023Neurons in Large Language Models: Dead, N-gram, Positionalcited by 88
  8. 2021Temporal Effects on Pre-trained Models for Language Processing Taskscited by 46
  9. 2022NoisyTune: A Little Noise Can Help You Finetune Pretrained Language Models Bettercited by 43
  10. 2023Emptying the Ocean with a Spoon: Should We Edit Models?cited by 27

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Cited by year

Citing papers per year: 2024: 5.

5 papers.

Similar, not cited

Close in wording, no citation either way

  1. 2025Benchmarking and Rethinking Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models
  2. 2025Knowledge Updating? No More Model Editing! Just Selective Contextual Reasoning
  3. 2024Knowledge in Superposition: Unveiling the Failures of Lifelong Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models
  4. 2024Navigating the Dual Facets: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Sequential Memory Editing in Large Language Models
  5. 2024Uncovering Overfitting in Large Language Model Editing
  6. 2024Model Editing Harms General Abilities of Large Language Models: Regularization to the Rescue
  7. 2023Knowledge Editing for Large Language Models: A Survey
  8. 2025KnowledgeSmith: Uncovering Knowledge Updating in LLMs with Model Editing and Unlearning