LLaMAntino: LLaMA 2 Models for Effective Text Generation in Italian Language
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Abstract (arXiv)
Large Language Models represent state-of-the-art linguistic models designed to equip computers with the ability to comprehend natural language. With its exceptional capacity to capture complex contextual relationships, the LLaMA (Large Language Model Meta AI) family represents a novel advancement in the field of natural language processing by releasing foundational models designed to improve the natural language understanding abilities of the transformer architecture thanks to their large amount of trainable parameters (7, 13, and 70 billion parameters). In many natural language understanding tasks, these models obtain the same performances as private company models such as OpenAI Chat-GPT with the advantage to make publicly available weights and code for research and commercial uses. In this work, we investigate the possibility of Language Adaptation for LLaMA models, explicitly focusing on addressing the challenge of Italian Language coverage. Adopting an open science approach, we explore various tuning approaches to ensure a high-quality text generated in Italian suitable for common tasks in this underrepresented language in the original models' datasets. We aim to release effective text generation models with strong linguistic properties for many tasks that seem challenging using multilingual or general-purpose LLMs. By leveraging an open science philosophy, this study contributes to Language Adaptation strategies for the Italian language by introducing the novel LLaMAntino family of Italian LLMs.
Key facts. Cited by 25 papers in the map (data through 14 Oct 2026). Builds on 13 of its 25 references that are in the map. First posted on arXiv 15 Dec 2023.
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13 of 25 references.
References · 13
- 2017Attention Is All You Needcited by 60,361
- 2021LoRA: Low-Rank Adaptation of Large Language Modelscited by 14,380
- 2023LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Modelscited by 14,132
- 2023QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMscited by 3,418
- 2022BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Modelcited by 1,984
- 2019TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understandingcited by 1,167
- 2020K-Adapter: Infusing Knowledge into Pre-Trained Models with Adapterscited by 319
- 2021Understanding the Capabilities, Limitations, and Societal Impact of Large Language Modelscited by 160
- 2022Towards a Cleaner Document-Oriented Multilingual Crawled Corpuscited by 143
- 2022BLOOM+1: Adding Language Support to BLOOM for Zero-Shot Promptingcited by 90
- 2018A Survey on Methods and Theories of Quantized Neural Networkscited by 75
- 2023LLM-FP4: 4-Bit Floating-Point Quantized Transformerscited by 69
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Citing papers per year: 2024: 17; 2025: 5; 2026: 3.
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- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontierscited by 51
- 2024Advanced Natural-based interaction for the ITAlian language: LLaMAntino-3-ANITAcited by 17
- 2026Align Once, Benefit Multilingually: Enforcing Multilingual Consistency for LLM Safety Alignmentcited by 9
- 2024RoQLlama: A Lightweight Romanian Adapted Language Modelcited by 7
- 2024From Bytes to Borsch: Fine-Tuning Gemma and Mistral for the Ukrainian Language Representationcited by 6
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for European Languagescited by 6
- 2024Disce aut Deficere: Evaluating LLMs Proficiency on the INVALSI Italian Benchmarkcited by 5
- 2024From English-Centric to Effective Bilingual: LLMs with Custom Tokenizers for Underrepresented Languagescited by 5
- 2024The Invalsi Benchmarks: measuring Linguistic and Mathematical understanding of Large Language Models in Italiancited by 4
- 2024Fine-tuning with HED-IT: The impact of human post-editing for dialogical language modelscited by 3
- 2024Speech Analysis of Language Varieties in Italycited by 3
- 2024"Vorbecsti Romanecste?" A Recipe to Train Powerful Romanian LLMs with English Instructionscited by 3
13 more
- 2024LLMs for Extremely Low-Resource Finno-Ugric Languagescited by 3
- 2025Establishing a Scale for Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Language Models Across Various Settingscited by 3
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models to Geolocate Linguistic Variations in Social Media Postscited by 2
- 2025Optimizing LLMs for Italian: Reducing Token Fertility and Enhancing Efficiency Through Vocabulary Adaptationcited by 2
- 2024Evaluation of Few-Shot Learning for Classification Tasks in the Polish Languagecited by 1
- 2024A gentle push funziona benissimo: making instructed models in Italian via contrastive activation steeringcited by 1
- 2024Igea: a Decoder-Only Language Model for Biomedical Text Generation in Italiancited by 0
- 2024Unipa-GPT: Large Language Models for university-oriented QA in Italiancited by 0
- 2025From User Preferences to Optimization Constraints Using Large Language Modelscited by 0
- 2025epiGPTope: A machine learning-based epitope generator and classifiercited by 0
- 2025Gender-Neutral Rewriting in Italian: Models, Approaches, and Trade-offscited by 0
- 2026DIETA: A Decoder-only transformer-based model for Italian-English machine TrAnslationcited by 0
- 2026The TEA Nets framework combines AI and cognitive network science to model targets, events and actors in textcited by 0
- 2026The TEA Nets framework combines AI and cognitive network science to model targets, events and actors in text30 Apr 2026
- 2026Align Once, Benefit Multilingually: Enforcing Multilingual Consistency for LLM Safety Alignment18 Feb 2026
- 2026DIETA: A Decoder-only transformer-based model for Italian-English machine TrAnslation25 Jan 2026
- 2025Gender-Neutral Rewriting in Italian: Models, Approaches, and Trade-offs16 Sep 2025
- 2025epiGPTope: A machine learning-based epitope generator and classifier3 Sep 2025
- 2025Establishing a Scale for Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Language Models Across Various Settings21 May 2025
- 2025Optimizing LLMs for Italian: Reducing Token Fertility and Enhancing Efficiency Through Vocabulary Adaptation23 Apr 2025
- 2025From User Preferences to Optimization Constraints Using Large Language Models27 Mar 2025
- 2024A gentle push funziona benissimo: making instructed models in Italian via contrastive activation steering27 Nov 2024
- 2024LLMs for Extremely Low-Resource Finno-Ugric Languages24 Oct 2024
- 2024From English-Centric to Effective Bilingual: LLMs with Custom Tokenizers for Underrepresented Languages24 Oct 2024
- 2024RoQLlama: A Lightweight Romanian Adapted Language Model5 Oct 2024
13 more
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for European Languages27 Aug 2024
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models to Geolocate Linguistic Variations in Social Media Posts22 Jul 2024
- 2024Unipa-GPT: Large Language Models for university-oriented QA in Italian19 Jul 2024
- 2024Igea: a Decoder-Only Language Model for Biomedical Text Generation in Italian8 Jul 2024
- 2024"Vorbecsti Romanecste?" A Recipe to Train Powerful Romanian LLMs with English Instructions26 Jun 2024
- 2024Disce aut Deficere: Evaluating LLMs Proficiency on the INVALSI Italian Benchmark25 Jun 2024
- 2024Speech Analysis of Language Varieties in Italy22 Jun 2024
- 2024Fine-tuning with HED-IT: The impact of human post-editing for dialogical language models11 Jun 2024
- 2024Advanced Natural-based interaction for the ITAlian language: LLaMAntino-3-ANITA11 May 2024
- 2024Evaluation of Few-Shot Learning for Classification Tasks in the Polish Language27 Apr 2024
- 2024From Bytes to Borsch: Fine-Tuning Gemma and Mistral for the Ukrainian Language Representation14 Apr 2024
- 2024Multilingual Large Language Model: A Survey of Resources, Taxonomy and Frontiers7 Apr 2024
- 2024The Invalsi Benchmarks: measuring Linguistic and Mathematical understanding of Large Language Models in Italian27 Mar 2024
- 2024RoQLlama: A Lightweight Romanian Adapted Language Modelcited by 7
- 2024From Bytes to Borsch: Fine-Tuning Gemma and Mistral for the Ukrainian Language Representationcited by 6
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for European Languagescited by 6
- 2024Disce aut Deficere: Evaluating LLMs Proficiency on the INVALSI Italian Benchmarkcited by 5
- 2024From English-Centric to Effective Bilingual: LLMs with Custom Tokenizers for Underrepresented Languagescited by 5
- 2024The Invalsi Benchmarks: measuring Linguistic and Mathematical understanding of Large Language Models in Italiancited by 4
- 2024Fine-tuning with HED-IT: The impact of human post-editing for dialogical language modelscited by 3
- 2024Speech Analysis of Language Varieties in Italycited by 3
- 2024"Vorbecsti Romanecste?" A Recipe to Train Powerful Romanian LLMs with English Instructionscited by 3
- 2024LLMs for Extremely Low-Resource Finno-Ugric Languagescited by 3
- 2025Establishing a Scale for Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Language Models Across Various Settingscited by 3
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models to Geolocate Linguistic Variations in Social Media Postscited by 2
12 most cited of 21 All 21 (JSON)
- 2026The TEA Nets framework combines AI and cognitive network science to model targets, events and actors in text30 Apr 2026
- 2026DIETA: A Decoder-only transformer-based model for Italian-English machine TrAnslation25 Jan 2026
- 2025Gender-Neutral Rewriting in Italian: Models, Approaches, and Trade-offs16 Sep 2025
- 2025epiGPTope: A machine learning-based epitope generator and classifier3 Sep 2025
- 2025Establishing a Scale for Kullback-Leibler Divergence in Language Models Across Various Settings21 May 2025
- 2025Optimizing LLMs for Italian: Reducing Token Fertility and Enhancing Efficiency Through Vocabulary Adaptation23 Apr 2025
- 2025From User Preferences to Optimization Constraints Using Large Language Models27 Mar 2025
- 2024LLMs for Extremely Low-Resource Finno-Ugric Languages24 Oct 2024
- 2024From English-Centric to Effective Bilingual: LLMs with Custom Tokenizers for Underrepresented Languages24 Oct 2024
- 2024RoQLlama: A Lightweight Romanian Adapted Language Model5 Oct 2024
- 2024A Survey of Large Language Models for European Languages27 Aug 2024
- 2024Leveraging Large Language Models to Geolocate Linguistic Variations in Social Media Posts22 Jul 2024
12 newest of 21 All 21 (JSON)